tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-61329551862066310012024-03-08T10:26:25.630+05:30MultiSpectra ConsultantsDr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.comBlogger60125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-38053386813999897322020-04-25T21:58:00.003+05:302020-04-25T21:58:59.841+05:30Key Open Source Software for Boosting Business Productivity<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Key
Open Source Software for Boosting Business Productivity</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">E-mail:
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a class="western" href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Website:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a class="western" href="https://multispectraconsultants.com/"><span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This
paper is being prepared using LibreOffice Writer, an open source
software.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Businesses
are under continuous pressure to cut costs and increase productivity.
In modern businesses, computer hardware and software and ancillaries
are a major cost factor. It is worthwhile for every business to
investigate how best it can leverage the power of open source
software to reduce expenses and increase revenues.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Businesses
that restrict themselves to proprietary software like Microsoft
Office get a raw deal. Not only do they have to pay for the software
but they have to factor-in the cost incurred in every instance the
software becomes corrupt. This includes the fee required to be paid
to the computer technician to re-install the software. All this
creates a vicious environment where cost and delays keep mounting. It
should be a primary aim of every business to develop a system where
maintenance becomes automated to the maximum possible extent.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This
is where open source software like LibreOffice, Apache OpenOffice,
Scribus, GIMP, Inkscape, Firefox, Thunderbird, WordPress, VLC media
player etc. come in. My company, MultiSpectra Consultants, uses open
source software to the maximum possible extent thereby streamlining
business processes. It makes updating the software and maintenance
very easy. These software can be freely downloaded from the internet
and updates to the software can also be applied by simply downloading
the updated version of the relevant software.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wikipedia
defines free and open source software (FOSS) as computer software
that can be classified as both free software and open source
software. That is, anyone is freely licensed to use, copy, study, and
change the software in any way, and the source code is openly shared
so that people are encouraged to voluntarily improve the design of
the software. This is in contrast to proprietary software, where the
software is under restrictive copyright and the source code is
usually hidden from the users. The benefits of using FOSS can include
decreasing software costs, increasing security and stability
(especially in regard to malware), protecting privacy and giving
users more control over their own hardware.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Key
open source software are LibreOffice, Apache OpenOffice, Scribus,
GIMP, Inkscape, Firefox, Thunderbird, WordPress, VLC media player,
etc.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>LibreOffice
and Apache OpenOffice.</b> LibreOffice and Apache OpenOffice are two
forks of OpenOffice.org. OpenOffice.org is no longer being developed
but both LibreOffice and Apache OpenOffice are. LibreOffice is being
developed by The Document Foundation. The centralised launch centre
of LibreOffice for all its modules is a very useful feature.
LibreOffice was forked from OpenOffice.org in 2010. The LibreOffice
suite comprises programs for word processing, the creation and
editing of spreadsheets, slideshows, diagrams and drawings, working
with databases and composing mathematical formulae. It is available
in 110 languages. LibreOffice uses the OpenDocument file format (odf)
as its native format to save documents for all of its applications.
LibreOffice also supports the file formats of most of the other major
office suites, including Microsoft Office, through a variety of
import/export filters. LibreOffice is available for Microsoft
Windows, Linux and Mac OS. A LibreOffice Viewer for Android devices
is also available.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">LibreOffice
and Apache OpenOffice have similar modules called by the same names -
Writer, Calc, Impress, Draw, Math and Base. A key advantage that
LibreOffice has over Apache OpenOffice is the ability of LibreOffice
to save documents in the docx format. Although Apache OpenOffice can
read docx documents, it cannot save documents in this format. A brief
overview of the modules of LibreOffice follows.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">LibreOffice
Writer. This is a word processor with similar functionality and file
support as Microsoft Word or WordPerfect. It has extensive WYSIWYG
word processing capabilities but can also be used as a basic text
editor.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">LibreOffice
Calc. This is a spreadsheet program, similar to Microsoft Excel or
Lotus 1-2-3. It has a number of unique features including a system
which automatically defines series of graphs based on information
available to the user.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">LibreOffice
Impress. This is a presentation program resembling Microsoft
PowerPoint. Presentations can be exported as swf files allowing them
to be viewed on any computer with Adobe Flash Player installed.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">LibreOffice
Draw. This is a vector graphics editor and diagramming tool similar
to Microsoft Visio and comparable in features to early versions of
CorelDRAW. It provides connectors between shapes which are available
in a range of line-styles and which facilitate building drawings such
as flowcharts. It also includes features similar to desktop
publishing software such as Scribus and Microsoft Publisher. It is
also able to act as a pdf-file editor.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">LibreOffice
Math. This is an application designed for creating and editing
mathematical formulae. The application uses a variant of xml for
creating formulae, as defined in the OpenDocument specification.
These formulae can be incorporated into other documents in the
LibreOffice suite, such as those created by Writer or Calc, by
embedding the formulas into the document.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">LibreOffice
Base. This is a database management program similar to Microsoft
Access. LibreOffice Base allows the creation and management of
databases, preparation of forms and reports that provide end-users
easy access to data.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wikipedia
reports that a detailed 60-page report in June, 2015, compared the
progress of the LibreOffice project with its cousin project Apache
OpenOffice. It showed that Apache OpenOffice received about 10% of
the improvements that LibreOffice did in the period of time studied.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Scribus.</b>
Scribus is a desktop publishing (DTP) application and is a free
software. It is available for Microsoft Windows, Linux and Mac OS.
Scribus is designed for layout, typesetting, and preparation of files
for professional-quality image-setting equipment. It can also create
animated and interactive pdf presentations and forms. Example uses
include writing newspapers, brochures, newsletters, posters and
books.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>GIMP.</b>
GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) is a free and open source
raster graphics editor used for image retouching and editing,
free-form drawing, resizing, cropping, photo-montages, converting
between different image formats and more specialised tasks. It is the
open source equivalent of Adobe Photoshop. GIMP is available for
Microsoft Windows, Linux and Mac OS.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">GIMP
is primarily developed by volunteers as a free software project
associated with both the GNU and GNOME Projects. The version number
used in GIMP is expressed in a major-minor-micro format with each
number carrying a specific meaning: the first (major) number is
incremented only for major developments (and is currently 2). The
second (minor) number is incremented with each release of new
features with odd numbers reserved for in-progress development
versions and even numbers assigned to stable releases; the third
(micro) number is incremented before and after each release
(resulting in even numbers for releases and odd numbers for
development snapshots) with any bug-fixes subsequently applied and
released for a stable version. The user interface of GIMP is designed
by a dedicated design and usability team.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">GIMP
is presented in two forms - single-window and multiple-window mode.
GIMP 2.8 defaults to the multiple-window mode. In multiple-window
mode, a set of windows contain all the functionalities of GIMP. By
default, tools and tool settings are on the left and other dialogues
are on the right. A layers tab is often to the right of the tools tab
and allows a user to work individually on separate image layers.
Layers can be edited by right-clicking on a particular layer to bring
up edit options for that layer. The tools tab and layers tab are the
most common dockable tabs.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
current version of GIMP works with various operating systems
including Microsoft Windows, Linux and Mac OS. Many Linux
distributions include GIMP as a part of their desktop operating
systems including Fedora and Debian.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Inkscape.</b>
Inkscape is a free and open source vector graphics editor; it can be
used to create or edit vector graphics such as illustrations,
diagrams, line arts, charts, logos and complex paintings. Inkscape's
primary vector graphics format is Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG),
however many other formats can be imported and exported. Inkscape can
render primitive vector shapes (e.g. rectangles, ellipses, polygons,
arcs, spirals, stars and 3D boxes) and text. These objects may be
filled with solid colours, patterns, radial or linear colour
gradients and their borders may be stroked, with adjustable
transparency. Embedding and optional tracing of raster graphics is
also supported enabling the editor to create vector graphics from
photos and other raster sources. Created shapes can be further
manipulated with transformations, such as moving, rotating, scaling
and skewing</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Firefox.</b>
Mozilla Firefox (or simply Firefox) is a free and open source web
browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary, the
Mozilla Corporation. Firefox is available for Microsoft Windows,
Linux and Mac OS operating systems. Firefox for Android is available
for Android (formerly Firefox for mobile, it also ran on the
discontinued Firefox OS). Features include tabbed browsing, spell
checking, incremental find and live bookmarking, Smart Bookmarks, a
download manager, private browsing and location-aware browsing are
also available.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Firefox
can have themes added to it in order that users can experience
Firefox in a more personal way. There are websites where users can
create and download personalised themes with their choice of colours
and images. However, Mozilla has announced its intention to
discontinue Firefox themes. The Firefox add-on website also gives
users the ability to add other applications such as games,
ad-blockers, screenshot apps, and many other useful applications.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Firefox
was the browser to challenge Internet Explorer's monopoly in the
first decade of this century but has since lost momentum and the most
popular browser in the world now is Google Chrome.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Thunderbird.</b>
Mozilla Thunderbird or Thunderbird is a free, open source,
cross-platform email, news, RSS, and chat client developed by the
Mozilla Foundation. The project strategy was modelled after that of
the Mozilla Firefox web browser.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>WordPress.</b>
WordPress is a free and open source content management system (CMS)
based on PHP and MySQL. WordPress is installed on a web server which
either is part of an Internet hosting service or is a network host
itself; the first case may be on a service like WordPress.com, for
example, and the second case is a computer running the software
package WordPress.org. An example of the second case is a local
computer configured to act as its own web server hosting WordPress
for testing or learning purposes in a single-user scenario. Features
include a plug-in architecture and a template system. WordPress was
used by more than 26.4% of the top 10 million websites as of April,
2016. WordPress is reportedly the easiest and most popular website
management or blogging system in use on the web supporting more than
60 million websites. WordPress has a web template system using a
template processor.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">WordPress
users may install, and switch between, different themes. Themes allow
users to change the look and functionality of a WordPress website and
they can be installed without altering the content or health of the
site. Every WordPress website requires at least one theme to be
present and every theme should be designed using WordPress standards
with structured PHP, valid HTML and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS).</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">WordPress
is the blogging platform of choice for businesses along with Google's
Blogger. Blogging is also possible on Medium, Weebly, Tumblr and
LinkedIn. A business aiming to gain visibility by blogging must have
a presence on each of these platforms.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>VLC
media player.</b> VLC media player is a free and open source media
player and multimedia framework written by the VideoLAN project. VLC
is a portable multimedia player, encoder and streamer supporting many
audio and video codecs and file formats as well as DVDs, VCDs and
various streaming protocols. It is able to stream over networks and
to transcode multimedia files and save them in various formats. VLC
used to stand for VideoLAN Client but, since VLC is no longer simply
a client, that initialism no longer applies. VLC media player is
available for Microsoft Windows, Linux and Mac OS. VLC is also
available for Android devices. The default distribution of VLC
includes a large number of free decoding and encoding libraries
avoiding the need for finding/calibrating proprietary plug-ins. A key
point in favour of the VLC media player is its ability to play
virtually every video and audio codec ( Note the inability of Windows
Media Player to play the amr audio codec. )</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">While
open source software can be obtained free, there are some issues at
stake also. One is the frequency of updates. This depends solely on
the developers. It is desirable that there be frequent updates so
that the software becomes more useful at the earliest. Another issue
is the stability of the software. Business-critical software must be
stable and bug-free. Compatibility with proprietary software used by
business-partners is another issue. My company, MultiSpectra
Consultants, must be able to open a document sent by another company
that uses proprietary software.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">My
company, MultiSpectra Consultants, has developed what it calls the
MultiSpectra OS. This basically consists of Ubuntu Linux with
LibreOffice, Scribus, GIMP, Inkscape, Firefox, Thunderbird and VLC
media player.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-weight: normal;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 20</span></span><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-weight: normal;">20</span></span><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-48430641952715363342020-04-25T21:50:00.001+05:302020-04-25T21:50:51.965+05:30Health, Safety and Environment in Water-Related and Other Infrastructural Projects<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Health,
Safety and Environment in Water-Related and Other Infrastructural
Projects</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">E-mail:
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a class="western" href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Website:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a class="western" href="https://multispectraconsultants.com/"><span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Abstract</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
construction project on water resources and infrastructure should be
aimed at its execution with due care of the health, safety and
environment and free of accidents. Although there are enough rules
and procedures on health, safety and environment (HSE), frequently
these are not adhered to in real life construction. Hence,
construction is the most hazardous of all the industries. Many
agencies disown their responsibilities of providing the basic
implements on health and safety due to lack of motivation and for
cost saving. This is a composite responsibility of all agencies
involved in construction and should be implemented as a culture and a
way of life. The paper outlines the scenario in India and other
developing countries with special reference to water resources and
infrastructure development projects keeping in view the current
status in the industrialised countries like the USA and the UK and
proposes an action plan to correct the situation.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Keywords</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Safety,
Environment, Infrastructure, Construction, The USA, The UK Climate
Change</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">HSE
has a large impact in arresting project slippage. Unless these issues
are strictly controlled during implementation, there may be large
scale accidents causing loss or permanent disability to some
construction workers. Any accident at site, fatal or otherwise, leads
to immediate stoppage of work which may last for a few days. It takes
time to get back the tempo of work resulting in loss of work directly
or indirectly. Also, any accident leads to hardship and suffering to
the families of the concerned worker. Impact on the environment and
the health of the workers and the local population are equally
important. All these are causes of project slippage which should be
arrested. It is recommended that a sound HSE standard be adopted and
implemented throughout the implementation period which would make a
substantial contribution towards arresting project slippage.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>1.0.
Introduction</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Construction
is a complex process of converting a concept into a reality. By this
process, the project takes its physical shape to deliver the desired
end-objectives. Construction is made through the involvement of a
large number of agencies of diverse disciplines, interests and having
complex interactions amongst themselves. This often leads to conflict
of responsibilities, obligations, moral and socio-economic values.
Attempts have been made to combat the problem of environmental health
and safety in construction. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has
published a number of IS Codes on site safety and health relating to
various aspects of construction. Also, in-house safety manuals and
codes of practices have been brought out by a number of
establishments in both the public and the private sector. Safety
departments with special powers and responsibilities to monitor
health and safety have also been set up. But, the sad reality is that
at real-life construction sites, especially in developing countries
like India, it is still common to find workers without basic safety
implements like, Helmets (Hard Hats), Boots (Safety Shoes) and Hand
Gloves. Narrow, unsafe and unstable walkways, stairs and ladders,
platforms without proper railings and toe-guards at construction
sites are very common. It is also found that worn-out slings and wire
ropes are being freely used at sites. The executing agencies, at
times ignore, or even disown, their responsibility in this regard.
The saddest part of the story is that the workmen and the labour
unions are either ignorant, complacent or indifferent towards the
essential requirements of environment, health and safety requirements
at site. Thus, health and safety which should be everybody’s
business is frequently found to be nobody’s business. This is a
burning issue in the Indian construction sector. What is the way
forward? Perhaps, it is possible to derive benefit from the
experience of industrialised countries like the USA and the UK.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2.0.
The Perspective of the United States of America</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2.1.
Improving Health and Safety at Construction Sites</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">As
reported by ASCE, Civil Engineering Journal, Stanford University,
Department of Civil Engineering, in their technical report in the
1980s on Improving Construction Safety Performance in the USA stated
that work-related injuries and illnesses, including fatalities in
construction occur at a rate 54% higher than all other industries
making construction the most hazardous occupation amongst all the
industries. The estimates include both direct and indirect costs of
accidents, whether they are insured or non-insured. Indirect costs
include reduced productivity, delays in project schedules,
administrative time and damage to equipment and facilities. Owners
have the moral commitment to help reduce accidents at project sites
by offering economic incentives in addition to fulfilling other
humanitarian concerns. The owner should hire only such contractors
who have a proven record of satisfactory environment, health and
safety performance. This requires close attention during the process
of qualifying bidders. Past practice indicates that contractors are
seldom awarded contracts solely on the basis of anticipated
environment, health and safety performance. Owners only require the
contractors to operate in accordance with accepted industrial safety
practices.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
contractor’s safety programme normally involves three types of
costs, namely:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Direct
cost of accident and insurance.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Indirect
cost of accident.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cost
of establishing and implementing safety programmes.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
contractor’s safety programmes really do not cost him extra money.
On the contrary, it saves him lot of money.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
indirect costs of accidents include:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Loss
of productivity causing project slippage.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Disrupted
construction schedules leading to delay and project slippage.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Administrative
time for investigation and reports preparation and issue.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Training
of new personnel in replacement of the injured workers causing loss
of productivity.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wages
paid to the injured workers, which is extra cost to the project.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cleaning-up
and repair of damages leading to loss of time.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Third
party liability claim against the owner and damages to equipment
which is extra cost to the project.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
the USA, construction safety and health programmes cost about 2.5% of
direct labour costs. These include:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1)
Salaries for safety, medical and clerical personnel.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2)
Organising and holding regular safety meetings.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3)
Inspection of tools and equipment, an essential aspect of
implementing safety programmes.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4)
Orientation and training sessions.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">5)
On-the-spot site inspection, which is most essential for continuous
safety efforts.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">6)
Personnel safety and protective equipment.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">7)
Regular environment and health programmes.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">8)
Providing miscellaneous equipment and supplies.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2.2.
Who should be Responsible?</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
a report on Site Safety and Health in the USA published in the late
1990s, a view was expressed that liability often hinges on small
details. Engineers need to be more aware of their legal obligations
to protect themselves as they are expected to protect the lives of
those working on the project construction. About 10,000 construction
workers were reported to be dying at the project sites each year
which was more than in any other industry. In-spite of caution signs
displayed at most construction sites like:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;">“<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">DANGER
– HARD HATS AND SAFETY BOOTS MUST BE WORN ON THIS SITE”,
accidents continue to occur. Who should be responsible for health and
safety at site - the Contractor, the Engineer, the Owner or it is a
shared responsibility?</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
pros and cons of the responsibility - individual or shared are as
follows:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2.2.1.
The Contractor</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pros:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1)
Contractors control the site, hire and supervise workers and the
sub-contractors under them and determine the means and methods of
construction.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2)
Contractors have construction expertise and training.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3)
Contractors responsibility is generally accepted and included in the
standard contract documents.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cons:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1)
Some hazardous work may require technical expertise not normally
possessed by a contractor.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2)
Safety management in a multi-contractor job-site presents a
challenging situation because of overlapping of contract
responsibilities.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2.2.2.
The Engineer</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pros:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1)
The Engineer can design structures that are safe to build, including
temporary works, shoring, shuttering, scaffolding, etc.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2)
The Engineer can review construction progress and document and
drawing submissions by the contractor.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3)
Some hazardous work may require technical expertise not normally
possessed by a contractor.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cons:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1)
The Engineer does not control the contractor’s employees and is not
generally able to mandate safety procedures.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2)
The Engineer is not normally trained and experienced in construction
safety methods.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2.2.3.
The Owner</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pros:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1)
Owners have the right to control the site and to select the
contractors and the design professionals.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cons:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1)
Many owners have no training in construction and/or in health and
safety in construction.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2)
Traditionally, owners have delegated health and safety responsibility
to the contractor.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2.3.
Shared Responsibility</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pros:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1)
Each project normally has unique health and safety problems and all
parties should promote and thus, be responsible for, health, safety
and environment at the construction site.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cons:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1)
Accountability is lost if responsibility is not assigned to a single
party.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>3.0.
The UK Perspective</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>3.1.
No-Compromise Attitude to Health, Safety and Environment (HSE)</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
report, published in the year 2002, in New Civil Engineer, journal of
the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) suggested a ‘no
compromise’ attitude for a successful health, safety and
environmental (HSE) programme. The approach to this attitude meant
never turning a blind eye to any of these issues.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
‘no compromise’ programme involved strict adherence and
application of the following major disciplines:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Planning-
meticulous planning for HSE well in advance of commencing
construction at site.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Supervision-
close supervision of HSE efforts and their implementation during the
construction process. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Training-
in-depth training of workmen before deploying them at the job site.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Motivation-
offering suitable incentives to the workmen to adopt only safe
practices at site in his own interest as well as, in the interest of
his fellow workers.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Monitoring-
continuous close monitoring and follow-up during the entire
construction period.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Reward-
workers demonstrating excellent safety efforts should be suitably
rewarded through award of certificates of recognition and financial
rewards.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nothing
new has been added in the above aspects except that all these are
rigorously applied in the ‘no-compromise’ attitude. Such HSE
programme resulted in a leading construction company wining 50 Safety
Awards in 10 years and achieving a phenomenally low injury rate at
site. Hazards need to be removed from the very outset with the
Construction Design Management (CDM) group playing an ever increasing
role. Designers could eliminate construction hazards much more easily
and readily than the contractors. Daily site-safety briefing to the
workers should be a part of every contractor’s training programme.
Motivation techniques to promote good performance in construction,
free-of-accidents have been found to be very effective in all kinds
of construction projects including those in the water resources
sector and related infrastructural sectors.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>3.2.
Designing for Health, Safety and Environment</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
research report of ICE published in New Civil Engineer Journal in
2004 indicated that the UK construction Industry viewed Health,
Safety and Environment (HSE) very seriously. But there has still been
a great deal of confusion amongst the owner, the consultant and the
contractor as to what could be done to achieve this and who would be
responsible for taking the lead. The general view, however, appeared
to be that actions should be initiated from the design stage itself.
The report came out with the following broad findings:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1)
Designers could do more to safeguard against health and safety risks
during construction.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2)
More information should be made available to the designers to design
for safety.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3)
More inputs from the contractor made designs safer to construct.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4)
The CDM regulations have helped to improve safety in construction.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">5)
Most accidents in construction were due to poor management on-site.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">6)
More inputs from the client/owner also made designs safer to execute.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">7)
If the HSE team could place more site inspectors, safety in
construction would improve.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">8)
Young engineers were not taught enough about health and safety in
their engineering curriculum.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">9)
The professional institutions like the Institution of Civil Engineers
(ICE), Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE), Institution of
Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) were expected to do a lot more to
improve tackling the problem of construction safety.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>4.0.
The Scenario in India</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Despite
the fact that various codes, manuals, appliances and recommendations
have been available in India over the last few years the status of
health, safety and environment (HSE) at construction sites have been
far below the desired level which occasionally lead to serious
accidents. The key questions that needed to be addressed were:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1)
Where has the Indian construction industry failed?</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2)
What were the constraints in providing the desired level of HSE at
the Indian construction sites?</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3)
Who have been responsible for ensuring good HSE at the India project
sites?</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4)
What could be done to correct the present situation in the Indian
construction sites?</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>4.1.
The Key Factors</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
study of the analysis of causes of accidents pinpointed the following
factors as the major reasons of accidents at construction sites:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1)
The planner did not include the cost of implementing HSE requirements
in the project estimate.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2)
The consultants/designers had overlooked some of the HSE aspects in
the designs/drawings.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3)
The contractor did not include in his tender estimate the cost of HSE
requirements.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4)
The contractor was not clearly told about his HSE obligations.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">5)
The contract was silent or vague about the HSE obligations of the
Owner and the Contractor.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">6)
The site supervisor was ignorant and/or had no authority to enforce
the implementation of HSE requirements.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">7)
The workers were trained and skilled about the use of safety gears
but did not use them properly either to show their smartness or they
felt uncomfortable to work with implements like helmets, safety
boots, gloves, safety harnesses, etc.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">8)
Strict adherence to HSE requirements led to a loss of productivity
and was overlooked intentionally due to pressure of time to fulfil a
fixed time schedule.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">9)
Female workers were neither trained in HSE nor did they use safety
implements due to local customs and practices.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">10)
Child workers were illegally deployed at job sites as they were
available at a much cheaper daily wages and could be hired and fired
any day. This is an obvious consequence of the dismal level of
poverty prevailing amongst a fairly large section of the Indian
population.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
root cause of all the above factors was the failure of one or the
other agency in regard to providing reasonable HSE parameters at
Indian construction sites.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>5.0.
Recommended Health and Safety Practices</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">What
should be done to ensure good HSE at our construction sites? The
responsibility does not belong to any one agency or a department but
on all those who matter in the complex game of construction. The work
should be shared individually and collectively.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>5.1.
Role of the Designer/Planner</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
following points are considered important for a satisfactory HSE
status during the planning, design and implementation of
water-related and other infrastructural development projects:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1)
Providing adequate protection to prevent possible damage to adjoining
structures.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2)
Taking into account interference with existing facilities and
services on-ground, over-ground and underground and providing for
diversions so as to cause minimal disruption to traffic and public
life.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3)
Ensuring effective drainage and sewerage avoiding water-logging
during construction thus preventing spread of water-borne diseases.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4)
Preparing time-and-cost estimates, with due consideration to the fact
that fulfilment of HSE requirements could cost substantial amounts of
time as well as money.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">5)
Providing for special safety outfits, not normally expected to be
supplied by the contractors.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">6)
Providing for built-in safety features, temporary or permanent,
keeping in view statutory regulations and practical aspects of
construction.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">7)
Monitoring the construction so as to ensure execution of work in
conformity with design and drawings and recommending intermediate
changes to ensure that the required HSE standards are maintained.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>5.2.
Role of the Owner</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
Owner has the moral responsibility of maintaining the desired HSE
standards and causing the least inconvenience to the general public.
The following actions are considered essential:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1)
Maintaining good HSE standards at site as a matter of policy by
employing specially trained personnel with adequate authority and
observing a dress code avoiding outfits like dhoti and loose footwear
commonly used by many workers at Indian construction sites.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2)
Providing necessary training to all concerned.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3)
Ensuring built-in HSE features in the design.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4)
Implementing safety briefing daily [that is, DOs and DON’Ts] before
commencement of work and conducting frequent safety audits.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">5)
Clearly spelling out HSE requirements and contractors
responsibilities in this regard in the tender document and
incorporating these in the contract agreement.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">6)
Founding special awards for contractors for completing the job with
excellent HSE record, free of accidents.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">7)
Making a good HSE record an essential condition for pre-qualifying
bidders.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">8)
Organising safety quizzes and on-the-spot safety checks to increase
awareness amongst the workers and the supervisors.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">9)
Planning each job jointly with the contractor to ensure the
maintenance of the desired standard of HSE.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">10)
Developing a positive and helping attitude towards the contractor.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>5.3.
Role of the Contractor</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">With
regard to HSE, the contractor has the second major role, next only to
the owner. The contractor’s responsibilities should include, but
should not be limited to, the following:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1)
Clearly understanding the scope and obligations under HSE and
including necessary cost in the quotation.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2)
Faithfully and honestly implementing the HSE requirements as spelt
out in the contract.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3)
Taking a positive and humanitarian attitude on HSE and resolving any
dispute arising thereof.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4)
Ensuring strict compliance of HSE aspects by habit rather than by
coercion.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">5)
Employing right personnel with adequate training and experience.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">6)
Ensuring that all essential changes at site are thoroughly checked by
the designer and also ensuring that the site modifications are duly
approved from HSE viewpoint.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">7)
Avoiding fumes, foul gas, noise and vibration. In short, not causing
air, water and sound pollution.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>5.4.
Role of the Workmen</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
workers role should be the third major as they have the real
responsibility in implementing HSE. A dress code should be observed.
The workers may demand essential safety outfit for a particular job
and even refuse to work if the same are not provided. The workmen
should definitely not indulge in the following habits which are
occasionally found amongst construction workers.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1)
Acting in haste. Patience should be exercised to the desired level.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2)
Being tense, angry, excited and over–confident.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4)
Gambling with their own lives and with the lives of others.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">5)
Inattentiveness and absent-mindedness.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>5.5.
Role of the Workers’ Union</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Maintaining
good HSE standard at site is an important aspect of workers’
welfare.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">While
the unions have to put pressure on the owner and the contractor to
fulfil their obligations of providing the basic environment for good
health and safety, they must impress upon the workers to make HSE a
habit and a way of life.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
workers’ unions should give regular training and briefing to the
workers on HSE aspects and avoid accidents at all cost in the first
place rather than claiming a big compensation after an unfortunate
accident has already taken place.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
labour unions have a big role to play in spreading the well known
message:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Safety
First; Safety Is Everybody’s Business.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>5.6.
Role of the Supervisor</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
supervisors’ role might be broadly categorised as:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1)
Collecting and compiling the details of HSE requirements in
construction work.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2)
Ascertaining the responsibilities of various agencies in regard to
maintaining good HSE standard.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3)
Ensuring the availability of various methods and tools for
implementing proper HSE.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4)
Impressing upon the authorities to help in effective implementation
of HSE.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">5)
Training the workers and daily briefing for developing a good HSE
culture.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>5.7.
Role of the Statutory Bodies</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Involving
statutory bodies, institutions and organisations in India which are
related to HSE right from the outset and obtaining the necessary
guidelines from them well in advance. Some of the
organisations/authorities involved could be:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1)
Health Inspector.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2)
Inspector of Factories.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3)
Department of Explosives.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4)
Electrical Inspector.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">5)
Boiler Inspector.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">6)
Department of the Environment/Pollution Control Board.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">7)
Bhaba Atomic Research Centre for storage, use and disposal of
radio-active materials.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">8)
Fire Brigade, etc.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="left" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>6.0.
Health and Safety for Water-Related and Other Infrastructural
Projects</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Good
standard of HSE is important in all construction projects including
those in water and infrastructure. Most of these projects involve
deep and wide excavation in pits and trenches which apart from the
workmen is a source of danger for the local population. Sides of
excavation and trenches should be provided with proper protection to
prevent side slippage and damage to structures existing nearby. In
case of excavation in rocky areas involving blasting, adequate
warning and protective measures have to be taken. It is important to
note that these projects are executed in areas which are wide open
and at times close to human habitation. Suitable safety measures have
to be taken in close coordination with local authorities. All the
involved parties should understand that due care has to be taken not
only of the workmen but also of the project-affected people.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Protection
and preservation of the environment is an important consideration.
The project site should be well drained and waterlogging of the area
should be avoided. Since water and infrastructure projects normally
do not have a well demarcated project area, interference with the
daily life of the common people living in the area is common. In
drawing construction water from local sources, care should be taken
to avoid undue hardship to the locals. Care should also be taken to
see that setting-up of these projects improves the local environment.
In all respects, water and infrastructure projects should demonstrate
substantial benefit in terms of improving the standard of living of
the people in general.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>7.0.
Environmental Management</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Construction
of water and infrastructure projects, and in fact all types of
construction, has a significant impact on the environment. Managing
the environment in the backdrop of ongoing construction activities is
not always an easy task. Environmental Management Systems (EMS) are
relevant to all organisations operating in the construction sector
irrespective of their line of specialisation and size. The EMS should
match the needs, aspirations and culture of the concerned
organisation to ensure obtaining tangible results. The British
Standards Institution (BSI) has introduced in the recent past a
British Standard (BS) on developing an environment management
standard through a straightforward step-by-step approach and named it
Easy Access Management System (EAMS) which can be developed in six
phases with intermediate operational audit after each phase. With the
environment becoming an all-important issue, such standards may have
to be adopted in Indian construction sites in the years ahead.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>8.0.
Impact on the Environment</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Projects
on water and infrastructure normally lead to considerable impact on
the environment directly or indirectly, on a long-term or short-term
basis. Also, during implementation of these projects, the
construction activities are likely to affect the environment of the
project site. It is imperative that the environmental impact of the
project should be carefully assessed and adequate protective measures
provided before giving a ‘go-ahead’ signal to the project. So, a
proper Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an essential
requirement in the initial planning stage.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Environment
is a broad-spectrum subject that means different things to different
sections of people. In reality, the word ‘environment’ includes
not only the air, noise, water, plants and animals but also other
natural and man-modified features which constitute the totality of
our surroundings. Hence, the term environment means the entire
complex of physical, social, cultural, economic and aesthetic factors
that affect individuals and communities and ultimately determine
their form, character, relationship and survival criteria.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
word ‘impact’ means any change, positive or negative, from a
desirability point of view. An EIA, therefore, signifies a study of
the probable changes in various socio-economic and bio-physical
characteristics of the environment that may result from the
implementation of the proposed project on water resources and
infrastructure development. EIA is the documentation of an
environmental audit which includes identification, interpretation,
prediction and mitigation of impacts caused by the proposed project.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>9.0.
Global Climate Change and Energy Economy</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">When
it comes to greenhouse gases and global climate change, the Atlanta
Journal Constitution, a daily newspaper of Atlanta, Georgia, USA, on
29 June, 2006, reported that Americans represent 5% of the world’s
population but contribute 45% of the world’s emission of carbon
dioxide, the main pollutant that causes global warming. The figures
are based on a report of the non-profit group Environmental Defense,
USA. The report said that Americans owned 30% of the world’s
vehicles, drove farther each year than the international average and
burnt more fuel per mile than the world average. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
per capita income in USA is about 50 times more than that in India.
The per capita energy consumption in USA is more than 11,000 KWH per
year as compared to about only 350 KWH in India. USA, with only 5% of
world population, consumes about 30% of the total energy consumed in
the world. As against this, India, with about 20% of the world’s
population, has been consuming only about 1% of the total energy
consumed in the world. To stall the impending danger of global
climate change, an efficient energy conservation mechanism and a
better energy management system are essential requirements.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Emission
of carbon dioxide with increasing consumption of fossil fuel may be
blamed for global warming. Deforestation may be responsible for the
increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Scientists
believe that there may be 3 deg C to 5 deg C rise on the earth’s
surface by the end of the present century, when due to melting of
polar ice-caps, the sea level may rise and some low-lying areas on
islands and sea coasts may be submerged under the sea. A
conservation-conscious planning and management of our activities
would help in avoiding environmental air and water pollution and
perhaps save the planet from a possible disaster. Engineers and
planners should look for pollution-free energy sources like
‘clean-coal’ technology, solar power, wind energy, bio-mass
energy, tidal energy and geo-thermal energy, etc. Conservation of
energy on a sustained basis would also be of great advantage in
minimising pollution and fight the hazard of climate change.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="left" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>10.0.
Environmental Considerations for Water-Related and Other
Infrastructural Projects</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">These
projects have considerable impact on the environment as most of them
are spread over large areas. Also, such projects are executed in
wide, open areas without any physical demarcation of the project
area. Creation of a dam leads to inundation of large areas submerging
farms, villages, towns, forests, etc. The first impact is the relief
and rehabilitation of the affected people. In India, which is very
densely populated, this causes a chain reaction. Large reservoirs
created due to raising of major dams, apart from disturbing the flora
and fauna of the region, sometimes endanger the lives of rare
varieties of plant and animal species. The problem is complex but
should be considered carefully from an overall national angle on a
long term basis. The ethics behind the whole project effort should
the betterment of the overall environment. The people should be
convinced that, in spite of the temporary hardships that they are
likely to face during the implementation phase of the project, the
project will, in the long run, be of immense benefit to the affected
people.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>11.0.
Conclusion</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Safer
sites and fewer accidents should be a clear objective for all
involved in construction activities. Safe sites are efficient sites
and hence are more profitable. The following actions could be
suggested to materialise the achievement of safer working in
construction sites:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Better
education and training for all those who are involved in
construction.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">New
legislation like introducing a Construction Act comparable to the
Indian Factories Act which has been in operation for many decades.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">More
international co-operation keeping in view that more of
internationally funded projects are already coming up in India,
particularly in the water and infrastructure sector.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Good
health, safety and environmental (HSE) standards in the construction
sector should be a culture and a way of life for the benefit and
well-being of all concerned. This paper gives a few essential
guidelines. Many other individuals/organisations may be required to
play diverse roles to achieve an effective HSE standard, particularly
in water resources and infrastructure projects. Construction is a
team game requiring co-operation and co-ordination amongst a large
number of agencies. Each member in the team must contribute his part
to the desired level. Mutual co-operation, trust and understanding is
vital to achieving a good HSE standard and an accident-free
construction. With all heads and hands put together and working in
perfect harmony, it is quite possible to achieve this important
objective in India and other developing countries.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>References</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1.
ASCE-Civil Engineering, Monthly Bulletin of American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE).</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2.
ICE-Civil Engineering, Proceedings of Institution of Civil Engineers
(UK) (ICE).</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-weight: normal;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 20</span></span><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-weight: normal;">20</span></span><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-3027016882687846432020-04-25T21:44:00.002+05:302020-04-25T21:44:20.694+05:30DOs and DO NOTs for Civil Engineering Startups<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>DOs
and DO NOTs for Civil Engineering Startups</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">E-mail:
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a class="western" href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Website:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a class="western" href="https://multispectraconsultants.com/"><span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
this message of mine to the Civil Engineering fraternity, I have
chosen to focus on the DOs and DO NOTs for Civil Engineering startups
so that the new enterprise runs successfully. There are certain
things which make all the difference between a successful venture and
a failed one. Thousands of Civil Engineering startups are established
every year; some succeed and others do not.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">First,
the DOs:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Create
a good business plan. This is very crucial. Formulate a sound
strategy and vision statement.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Be
different. Be clear as to why your business is different and what you
can do differently from others. This factor is very important. A
startup needs to have an USP ( Unique Selling Proposition ) to ensure
that clients are driven to the startup.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Correct
mistakes quickly. Give an experiment a maximum time-frame of two
years to work. An experiment is a failure if it has been continuing
for the past two years and is still not working.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Be
strong enough to overcome any hitches that you may encounter during
the initial process of establishing your startup and getting it
running.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Find
the right people. It is very important to partner with people who
complement your skills. However, avoid getting too many people on
board as it might become tough to find common vision. Ensure that the
people you partner with share your values and your vision.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Be
flexible. Constantly test your idea in the market and seek feedback.
When the feedback indicates that changes need to be made to the
original hypothesis, have the courage to modify the original
hypothesis without compromising on the fundamental vision.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Meet
everyone you hire. This may sound outlandish but do make the effort
of meeting everyone you plan to hire for your company. Outsourcing
hiring is a big mistake.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Use
Information Technology to the greatest extent possible. Sectors like
Information Technology are evolving very fast. Use as much of
Information Technology in your business as you can. Make sure that
you are up-to-date with the latest developments in Information
Technology and that you are using it to the greatest extent possible
in your enterprise.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Be
creative. Be creative in your approach and constantly focus on
solving the problems of your clients by innovative approaches.
Out-of-the-box thinking is crucial.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Understand
that change is the only constant. I, as a Buddhist, know that this is
one of the most fundamental teachings of Lord Buddha, emphasised by
him throughout his life, and that it is applicable in every
situation. Not everything will go as you want and it is important
that you realise that sometimes you may have to solve problems that
are not of your own creation.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Be
research-driven. Be absolutely up-to-date with the latest in Civil
Engineering research so that you can offer the best solution possible
to your clients. Do a lot of Civil Engineering research yourself.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Learn
about the competition. Know who the companies are that you are trying
to beat and what are their strengths and weaknesses. Know your enemy
is the mantra given by Sun Tzu in the now immortal Art of War. This
facet is one of the cornerstones of victory in any battle.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Now,
the DO NOTs:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Do
not take technology lightly. It is one of the greatest mistakes to
ignore technological developments. You run the risk of being
outdated.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Do
not under-rate commitment as a trait. Specifically, for the initial
set of hires, commitment, and resilience, coupled with skills rank
way higher up on the scale than skills alone. Sticking with you
through the bumpy parts and not jumping ship at the first sign of
trouble is an essential quality of a team member.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Do
not ignore Open Source software. Using Open Source source software to
the greatest extent possible can save you a lot of money. Before
investing in a proprietary software, see if an Open Source
alternative is available.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Do
not ignore marketing. Strong marketing is one of the essential
requirements of an enterprise. Reach out to your clients. An
enterprise that has a lot to offer can lose out to another having a
lesser portfolio if the first enterprise fails to market itself
properly. Marketing strategy is a commonly ignored aspect.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Do
not think that you are unique if you have merely one or two points,
peripheral in nature, different from your competitors. You need to
have a significant number of major points different from your
competitors in order that you may stand out.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">My
company, MultiSpectra Consultants, specialises in research-based
solutions to Civil Engineering problems. It is absolutely up-to-date
in both the latest developments in Civil Engineering research as well
in Information Technology. It also does a great deal of Civil
Engineering research itself and the outcome of all that research
makes its way into peer-reviewed professional Civil Engineering
journals. It has carved out a place for itself in solving difficult
and critical Civil Engineering problems.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="background: transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #4b2204;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-weight: normal;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 20</span></span><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-weight: normal;">20</span></span><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-87764581639915493472020-04-25T21:35:00.002+05:302020-04-25T21:35:22.569+05:30Success in Engineering Management - A Methodical Approach<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Success
in Engineering Management - A Methodical Approach</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">E-mail:
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a class="western" href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Website:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a class="western" href="https://multispectraconsultants.com/"><span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Abstract</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Engineering
projects, particularly those related to the development of
infrastructure, form a highlighted area in the national economy of
most developing countries of the world today. Sadly enough, a large
number of these projects do not give the desired result and
eventually end up with large cost and time overruns. The reasons for
such failures are quite complex and no simple solution is available.
Based on the experience of the author on implementation of
engineering, including and infrastructural projects in India and
other developing countries, he has tried to suggest a methodical
approach on successful management of engineering projects.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>1.
Introduction</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">An
engineering project is a collection of activities linked together to
achieve a desired result, has a well-defined purpose focused on the
interest and expectation of the end users and it must be completed
conforming to the specified quality, time and cost constraints. Such
projects are normally complex due to the involvement of people of
different disciplines in various departments and locations and have
to be flexible enough to accommodate changes as the work proceeds. It
involves risk at various steps and the management must co-ordinate
and control the whole effort focusing its attention on the desired
final objective.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2.
Management Strategy</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Management
strategy is an essential first step in execution of an engineering
project. Many projects fail due to the strategy not being formulated
at the outset and not being followed through. Hence, it is imperative
that the strategy for managing the engineering project must be
formulated and laid down during the conceptual planning of the
project.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>3.
Project Phases</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
life-cycle of a project broadly consists of four distinct phases. In
a real-life project, the phases normally overlap with each other to a
large extent. The phases are:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Phase
1: Project concept, survey, site selection, alternative studies,
fixing project goals, fixing overall project criteria, possible
strategy for design, engineering and implementation, preliminary
plans with cost and schedule.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Phase
2: Project development - design and engineering, planning resource
utilisation, detailed planning, detailed formulation of project
scope, schedule, cash flow, quality assurance and quality control.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Phase
3: Project implementation - organisation, communication within and
outside the organisation, implementation plan, monitoring and
evaluation, feed-back and follow-up, motivating and leading,
identifying, analysing and solving problems.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Phase
4: Project termination - finishing, handing over, settlement of
disputes and claims, overall project evaluation and review, contract
closure, preparation of as-made drawings, final project completion
report for future reference.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>4.
Project Implementation Stages</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
implementation stages in an engineering project mainly consist of
detailed project report, contract finalisation, consultant selection,
cost estimation, land acquisition, site preparation, setting up of
project organisation, procurement of materials and equipment,
construction and erection work, installation of equipment and service
facilities, scheduling and cash flow, monitoring and control, test,
trial run, startup, commissioning and progress reporting.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>5.
Role of the Management</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
main role of the management is to lead, plan, organise, coordinate
and control the project ensuring optimum utilisation of available
resources, the 4 Ms that is manpower, materials, machineries and
money. In most engineering projects, managing the first M, that is,
manpower, is the most complex and difficult.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>6.
Well-Managed Project</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
essential factors in a well-managed project are an efficient project
team, good team motivation, good leadership and well-defined project
objectives. Management shortcomings are frequently noticed on the
communication front including language bar, establishment of
priorities, follow-up and control. Inattention to the manpower aspect
is also common. Many projects fail due to inadequate strategy and
control, lack of leadership commitment, ill-defined goals, delayed
decision, ineffective planning and resource mobilisation and
political and legal obstacles.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>7.
Engineering Organisation</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Engineering
management is a team game where each player has to be carefully
selected, assigned well-defined duties and responsibilities and each
player must play his part well in an efficient and co-ordinated
manner. Inter-relationship of staff in the organisation must be
well-defined avoiding duplication of responsibility. The organisation
must be flexible enough to change depending on the exigencies of the
project situation.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>8.
Team Motivation</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
success of an engineering project depends largely on the performance
of individual members of the project team. Adequate measures have to
be taken to motivate the team members at various levels to achieve
the best result. The main motivating factors are, food, clothing,
shelter, job security and stability, self-esteem, social recognition,
status, position, power, etc. The motivation of a worker depends on
the level at which the worker is. The suggested guidelines are:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bottom
level worker- Monetary incentive, accident coverage, etc.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Middle
level worker- Security of service, retirement benefit, appreciation,
etc.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Top
level employer- More power, promotion, recognition, etc.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>9.
Management and Communication Techniques</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Modern
management techniques like Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and
Activity Networks (PERT/CPM) must be used to derive full advantage
with computerised analysis, reporting and updating. Effective
communication is of paramount importance with utilisation of
internet, e-mail, computer networking, mobile phones, SMS, video
conferencing and other state-of-the-art techniques.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>11.
Management Software</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MS
Project and Primavera are the most popular of all the project
management software in use today. The software has to be carefully
selected keeping in view the specific requirement of the project,
ease of learning and application, compatibility with available
hardware, cost and possibility of upgradation.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>12.
Conclusion</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Faulty
management strategy is frequently the main cause of failure in an
engineering project. Fund flow is not the main constraint today. In
most developing countries, large projects, particularly in the
infrastructural sector, are coming up with internal and external
funding. In addition to international funding agencies like the World
Bank (WB) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the British are
funding through the DFID. American, Japanese and German Banks are
also funding development projects in third world countries. The major
factors constraining successful implementation of development
projects are ineffective engineering management, insufficient
capacity building and insufficient capacity utilisation. Engineering
management in the developing world has to rise to the occasion and
play its part properly to ensure successful implementation of
development projects.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #302709;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-85887504682273128142020-04-25T21:26:00.002+05:302020-04-25T21:26:21.249+05:30Geotextiles: An Overview of Applications<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Geotextiles:
An Overview of Applications</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">E-mail:
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a class="western" href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Website:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Engineering
problems may require 'hard' solutions, i.e. constructed facilities
having one or more load bearing members, or 'soft' solutions where no
load-bearing members are required. Geotextiles are gaining ground in
applications in Civil Engineering; particularly in applications where
'soft' engineering solutions are required.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Geotextiles
are basically textile materials adapted for use in a soil-intensive
environment. They may be natural or synthetic, permeable or
impermeable, and their thickness may be in a wide variety of scales.
In their varied forms and natures, they may be used for a wide
variety of uses, some of which are identified below.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jute
geotextiles, being biodegradable, are ideally suited for guarding
slopes against waves in coastal and estuarine environments. The
objective here is not to have a slope greater than the angle of
repose, it is rather to protect a slope which is constructed at the
angle of repose of the soil from degeneration due to waves lapping on
it. Over time, the geotextile will be degraded by biological agents
but the slope will be permanently protected by the turf growing on
it. The geotextile will be permeable, unless coated with such
chemicals as will make it impermeable.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
another context, if a point source of groundwater contamination can
be identified, the contamination can be contained in a pre-defined
zone by using very thin impermeable synthetic geotextiles. This will
prevent the contamination from spreading into the groundwater at
large. This can be an effective way of isolating the soil in
industrial areas from its surroundings. In a certain industry in
eastern India, it has been found that the discharge of an effluent
into the soil has led to the presence of an abnormally high amount of
a cation in the soil which has polluted the drinking water supply in
the neighbouring areas. If the effluent is discharged into soil
isolated from its surroundings by synthetic geotextiles, then the
drinking water in the adjacent areas will not be contaminated. Over
time, the soil into which the effluent is discharged will be highly
enriched in that particular cation which may then be extracted for
some productive use.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Synthetic
geotextiles, thin and impermeable, may also be used in hydraulic
structures like barrages as impervious seals. They may also be spread
on or under the rip-rap typically placed downstream of a barrage to
extend the impervious apron by a little greater amount. Should it be
desired, they may also be spread over or under a partial area of the
rip-rap. In fact, the rigid concrete apron may be shortened
drastically and replaced by a sandwich-type construction with
impermeable membranes under and on top of a rip-rap layer.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Membrane-like
impervious geotextiles can also be used to provide waterproofing
solutions. Whether on rooftops, including but not limited to, over
expansion joints between two parts of a structure having large
lateral dimensions, impervious membranes provide cost-effective
waterproofing solutions.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stronger
geotextiles, not necessarily impervious, can be used in conjunction
with boulders to protect erosion-prone banks of rivers. Erosion is
very common on the concave banks of river meanders leading to meander
migration with attendant problems. Boulders piled on the concave
side, either in a loose manner or tied by large-meshed wire nets into
'sausages', are commonly used for protection against erosion. These
boulders can be wrapped in high-strength geotextiles also to form
'sausages'.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Geotextiles
may also be used to reinforce earth and find use in landscaping,
particularly in multi-levelled gardens.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Impermeable
membranes can also be used in conjunction with retaining walls for
the purpose of waterproofing. Box foundations can be effectively
waterproofed by such membranes. Such membranes may also find
applications in tunnels including for underground railway systems.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Geotextiles
can be developed still further in terms of variations in chemical
composition, mechanical strength and permeability. New chemical
compositions and composite geotextiles, consisting of two or more
layers, may be tried. It is possible to have one layer giving
strength and another making the geotextile impermeable. The bonding
between different layers needs to be given great importance in such
cases.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Geotextiles
hold out great possibilities. Though they are already being used to
quite an extent, space exists for them to be used even more and for
more innovative uses.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-10988777840803811972020-04-25T21:18:00.003+05:302020-04-25T21:18:54.185+05:30On Floods in Southern West Bengal, India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>On
Floods in Southern West Bengal, India</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">E-mail:
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a class="western" href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Website:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Abstract</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Occurrence
of flood during the periods of heavy shower is quite common in
southern West Bengal. The present paper focuses on the flood problem
of southern West Bengal, its causes and remedial measures that may be
undertaken to alleviate the situation.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Introduction</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
state of West Bengal lies in the eastern part of India. The southern
portion of the state is flood-prone and floods occur with a
depressing regularity. The causes and structural and non-structural
measures for prevention and control of floods are discussed in this
paper.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Causes
Of Floods</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
number of factors combine to cause floods in southern West Bengal.
There is extremely high rainfall in the monsoon season. The seaward
slope of southern West Bengal is very low and the Ganga delta is
tidal in nature. There are several low-lying areas where water lies
stagnant. There is siltation of several outlet canals reducing
carrying capacity. Also, there is human encroachment on some channels
hampering renovation of those channels.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Measures
That May Be Taken</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Quite
a few measures may be taken to reduce floods in this region. The
network of drainage canals are to be increased and silted drainage
canals are to be dredged to augment channel capacity and allow free
flow of excess water through those channels. More dykes are to be
built to prevent flood water from entering low-lying areas and
existing dykes are to be strengthened to prevent their breaching. If
possible, human habitation is to be evacuated from flood-prone areas.
Pumps of adequate capacity are to be kept on stand-by to pump out
water particularly from low areas. Better meteorological forecasting
is necessary so that the water levels in the Damodar Valley
Corporation reservoirs can be brought down early enough to
accommodate high inflows from upstream in flood periods. Adequate
discharge channels are to be provided in the lower Damodar basin;
this area is suffering from flood due to inadequate discharge
channels. The capacity of the Mayurakshi river also needs to be
augmented.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Conclusion</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Floods
in southern West Bengal can be prevented or reduced by taking
adequate structural and non-structural measures. The present paper
has focussed on these aspects.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-40146516628647516872020-04-25T21:10:00.002+05:302020-04-25T21:10:48.590+05:30On Aspects of Construction of Hydro-Electric Power Projects<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>On
Aspects of Construction of Hydro-Electric Power Projects</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">E-mail:
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a class="western" href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Website:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Abstract</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
present paper discusses different facets of construction of
Hydro-Electric Power projects. Salient problems and possibilities are
touched on.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Discussion</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hydro-electric
power projects typically entail construction of a dam, reservoir,
power-house etc. in hilly or mountainous terrains. In recent times,
low-head power plants and run-off river plants are also being
constructed. Planning, designing and constructing a hydro-electric
power project involves inter-alia hydrologic, hydraulic, structural,
environmental and socio-economic factors. There are quite a number of
factors that impede the speedy and successful execution of projects.
Some of them are dwelt on in this paper. The problem areas can be
divided into different classes and that is done in what follows.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Hydrologic
and Hydraulic</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Reliable
and long-term records of streamflow in the river on which the dam is
built as also of precipitation data in the catchment of the river
upstream of the location of the dam is important in order to select
discharges (floods) of the design and other return periods. Such data
is also important in generating synthetic future streamflows by the
ARCR ( Auto-Regressive Cross-Regressive ) and ARMA ( Auto-Regressive
Moving Average ) models. Lack of data of appropriate quality and
quantity would adversely impact on the quality of hydrologic
predictions that may be made with an acceptable degree of
reliability.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
is also necessary to carry out simulations of seepage out of the
reservoir and under the dam. The depth of the basal impermeable
stratum at different horizontal spatial locations is necessary in
order to fix the position of the lower boundary in the seepage flow
domain when solving for the seepage flow by self-developed or
commercially available finite-difference and finite-element codes.
Sometimes, the basal stratum exists at great depths and its exact
location is not known. This would entail judgement in fixing the
lower boundary of the seepage flow domain.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Seepage
through the body of the dam is of concern in the case of earth dams
and accurate evaluation of its amount and delineation of the
strategic steps to be taken to reduce this loss of water are
extremely important.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Structural</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gravity
dams involve massive amounts of concreting. Normal cements have a
significant heat of hydration. As a result, if a large portion of the
dam is constructed in one stroke, the heat generated is likely to
cause significant expansion resulting in cracks. To avoid this, small
portions of the dam have to be constructed at a time. This phased
construction results in delays and may be avoided if cements having
lower heats of hydration without hampering strength are developed.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dams
have large spatial dimensions. Since the length of a dam is large,
the earthquake effect on a dam is likely to be such that the movement
of different portions of a dam, especially its two ends, are out of
phase. This will result in torsional moments being exerted on the
middle portion of the dam of a nature that is absent in structures of
small areal extent like buildings. In-depth analysis of this
phenomenon is needed to design dams more resistant to cracks in times
of earthquakes.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Research
is needed in quicker and more mechanised modes of construction. This
is needed as faster construction will result in a lower gestation
period of the project and thereby increase returns. Also, it may not
be permissible to close a stream for a prolonged period in view of
the irrigation and drinking water needs of the people downstream.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Managerial</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Intense
and effective communication between design engineers in the design
office and the construction engineers at site is necessary to evolve
designs and construction practices which are mutually supportive.
This would preclude, among other things, the necessity to revise
designs which may be found inappropriate from the view of prevailing
construction practices.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
rehabilitation of people whose homes are going to be submerged by the
reservoir is another issue testing the managerial abilities of
technical personnel as sometimes vested interests interfere and
complicate what is otherwise a solvable socio-economic issue.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Conclusion</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
paper raises some issues related to construction of hydro-electric
projects. More efficient construction involves better solutions to
the individual problems and also to the interdisciplinary factors.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-73565387981390780602020-04-25T21:00:00.002+05:302020-04-25T21:00:46.281+05:30Environmental Impact Assessment with Special Reference to Water Resources Projects<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Environmental
Impact Assessment with Special Reference to Water Resources Projects</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">E-mail:
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a class="western" href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Website:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Water
resources projects occupy an important place in the development of
any country. A project has certain environmental impacts, which must
be considered during the planning of the project. The development of
a country is primarily considered to be based on economic parameters
like gross national income, per-capita income, etc. However, in doing
so enough weightage is often not given to environmental parameters of
a country. Economic development that damages the environment is not
desirable because such economic development is not sustainable. We
can explain what sustainable development is in a few words.
Sustainable development basically means that if our succeeding
generations could be a party to the decision that we make today, they
would agree to it.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">To
ensure sustainable development, the development must enhance the
quality of the environment and if it not possible to do so, it should
at least ensure that the environment is not degraded. In the context
of water resources development, what does the word environment mean?
Environment includes water, soil, flora, fauna and of course human
beings. There has been a debate as to whether human beings or nature
should be at the heart of environmental impact assessment. There are
some people who believe that nature should be at the core of
environmental protection activities and should be protected to the
greatest possible extent. There are others who believe that human
beings should be at the core of environmental protection and a
project should enhance the quality of human life in ways other than
economic.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
can be said that there is a hierarchy with human beings at the top,
the environment in the middle and water at the bottom which means
that water can be considered to be only a component of the total
environment and environment is only one of the factors that make up
the quality of human life. Environment Impact Assesment (E.I.A.) is a
term generally used to asses the environmental impact of any project.
For example, the construction of a high dam will result in creation
of a large reservoir which will submerge forests, wildlife, villages
and agricultural land. The proper rehabilitation of the affected
villagers is an important aspect of dam construction. Similarly flora
and fauna have to be preserved and if there are historical monuments
within the submerged area, they have to be properly rehabilitated
elsewhere.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
is often believed that development and preservation of the
environment are in conflict but it need not be so. There is an
example in the Midnapore district in West Bengal where a project,
originally meant for flood control, has given rise to a beautiful
lake which can be developed as a tourist spot.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Another
question that is relevant pertains to as to when the E.I.A. should be
conducted. One approach may be to conduct a cost-benefit analysis of
the project based on economic considerations alone, and only if the
project is feasible from economic considerations to go in for an
E.I.A. Another idea is to conduct an Initial Environmental
Examination (I.E.E.) at the time of initial planning of the project,
thus embedding environmental considerations into the project
conceptualisation. The I.E.E. need not be a very elaborate affair but
may merely take into account the probable environmental impacts of a
project in a loosely defined way. Another question relates to whether
the group conducting the economic analysis should also conduct the
E.I.A. or whether an independent group should be entrusted with the
job of conducting the E.I.A. to eliminate any possibility of bias.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">E.I.A.
has been conducted for diverse cases. In Germany, E.I.A. has been
conducted on the project of doubling some lock gates on the river
Moser which flows past Metz in France and joins the river Rhine at
Koblenz in Germany. In India too, E.I.A. has been used in numerous
situations in water-related projects.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
environment is one of the key factors affecting the quality of human
life. The floods in Kolkata of 1978 are still fresh in the minds of
many people. Faulty urban drainage was one of the causes of that
flood because storm water which flows in Kolkata from West to East
was unable to drain out properly due, in part, to the rapid
urbanisation of Eastern Kolkata. E.I.A. needs to be done before
embarking on a planned expansion of a city, not only with regard to
urban drainage but also with respect to other environmental factors
affecting city life.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">All
said and done, E.I.A. is not a panacea for all environmental
problems. Some environment-related problems may remain in a
development project in spite of E.I.A. being carried out. However,
E.I.A. can go a long way in enhancing the environment-friendliness of
a project.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-34911508705763998182020-04-04T13:46:00.002+05:302020-04-04T13:48:03.740+05:30Employee Stock Options for Startups<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Employee
Stock Options for Startups</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">E-mail:
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a class="western" href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Website:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
emergence of Startups has also heralded the new age of employee
compensation structures. Startups are innovative ‘by-default’ and
their creativity also extends to the sphere of how their employees
are compensated. This includes overcoming cash constraints while
hiring the best talent the market (Indian or Global) has to offer.
How do Startups manage to hire and retain top talent despite lack of
cash resources? The answer is ESOPs or Employee Stock Option Plan.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">None
of you are strangers to this term; ESOPs are actively deployed by
Startups to achieve twin objectives (a) hiring the best, and (b)
retaining the best for long periods of time. Of course, ESOPs also
make the employee part-owner of the Startup. Thus, the emotional
connect to the Startup is much higher vis-a-vis full cash
compensation. ESOPs represent the collective faith of the Startup’s
talent pool, in the business that they are co-creating. The benefits
of ESOPs are immense - thus, it is important for any Startup to know
its finer details.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Allotment
of ESOPs</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ESOP
can be formulated by companies. Most Startups are Private Limited
Companies and are governed by the Companies Act 2013. The Act permits
the allotment of shares to employees of the Startup (or its holding
or subsidiary company), under an approved ESOP, at a future date but,
at pre-determined value. The ESOP should be approved by at least 75%
of shareholders of the Startup. Pre-determined value could be the
face value of the shares. For example, a share, whose market value is
Rs. 1,000 could be made available to the employee at Rs. 10. The
benefit to the employee, of course is the difference, which in this
example is Rs. 990 per share. This could be of sizeable value if the
employee owns a small percentage of the Startup’s capital. It is
this difference that compensates the employee for the faith invested
into the idea in the Startup’s initial days.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
other question we need to answer is whether shares under ESOP can be
given for free. There are two opinions - one, that the benefit of
discounted value is reserved for ‘sweat equity’ shares - a
concept that is legally different from ESOPs; and two - that
pre-determined price could mean discounted value as well. The former
would be a conservative stand and the Startup should take an expert’s
advice before deciding on the price.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Are
ESOPs taxed?</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stock
options are taxed. The next question is ‘What is taxed?’ The
benefit accruing to the employee is taxed. In the example, Rs. 990
would be subject to tax. The trigger is the date of the exercise - we
shall look at this in a while. The Income Tax Act 1961 states that
the difference between the market value of shares ( determined by a
Merchant Banker ) on the date of the exercise and the pre-determined
price the employee pays to acquire it would be taxed as ‘perquisite’.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
tax shall be paid on slab rates. Further, on the date of sale of
shares acquired under ESOP, capital gains tax is payable on the
difference between selling price and the market value adopted for
perquisite tax calculation.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
advice to employees would be to defer exercising the option to buy
shares to a date when the shares can be converted to cash. Else,
there could be large tax outflows. Shares of private limited
companies are not traded on a stock exchange or in the stock markets.
Thus, they cannot be easily liquidated. If the option is exercised,
the employee could very well end up paying tax on a non-cash ( and in
some cases, a non-existent ) benefit. Further, it is the
responsibility of the Startup to deduct tax on salary paid and
benefits made available to employees; the Startup could encounter a
situation where the cash component of the salary is not sufficient to
pay taxes on non-cash perquisites. Thus, it is very important to
structure the ESOP correctly.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
Mechanics of ESOP</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stock
Option, as the name suggests, is an ‘option’ to buy the
underlying asset, which is a share of the Startup. There is no
obligation on the employee to buy the shares; it is only an option
which the employee may or may not exercise. Every ESOP will have the
following components;</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Grant
Date</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
date on which the option is granted by the Startup to the employee.
Grant is a formal action taken by the Startup and the employee is
informed of the entitlement by way of a Grant Letter</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Vesting
Period</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
minimum period that the employee has to serve to be entitled to the
stock option. The average vesting period ranges between 3-5 years.
Most Startups tranche out the total entitlement. For example, if the
employee is entitled to 100 options and the vesting period is 5
years, the following two scenarios are possible:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Equal
vesting, i.e. 20 options for completing every year of service, or
Milestone based, e.g. 12.5% at the end of 1st and 2nd year, 25% each
at the end of the 3rd, 4th and 5th year</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Exercise
Period</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
period post vesting, during which the employee can exercise the
option to buy the shares. ESOPs can also be structured to address the
eventuality of the employee leaving the company during the exercise
period</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Exercise
Date</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
date on which the employee exercises the option to buy the shares</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Exercise
Price</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">As
seen above, the pre-determined price at which the employee will buy
the shares</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Every
ESOP is a play of these words and, thus, thorough understanding is
crucial for the Startup and the employee</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Finally,
in addition to drafting an ESOP that is compliant with law and is tax
efficient, the Startup should;</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Create
a viable and easy to govern stock option structure, which could
include establishing an Employee Stock Option Trust, funded by the
Startup</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ensure
compliance with Foreign Exchange Management Laws when the ESOP is of
the foreign parent company but can be accessed by Indian employees,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ensure
booking all costs on the profit statement each year, in accordance
with Indian GAAP, e.g. the Guidance Note on Employee Share Based
Payments, which will in most cases apply to Startups</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Educate
the employee on the stock option plan and guide them, where
necessary. Remember, that ESOPs are benefits extended to employees
and their interest is paramount</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wishing
you the very best!</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-24905331981342220662020-04-04T13:42:00.002+05:302020-04-04T13:42:20.011+05:30How India Fought British Imperialism: One Track Revisited<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>How
India Fought British Imperialism: One Track Revisited</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">E-mail:
</span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Website:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; text-decoration: none; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;">“<span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
war is won before it is fought”, The Art of War, Tsun Tsu.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Leaders
tread fresh grass, functionaries follow the beaten path. A leader can
see afar, beyond what lesser mortals can see. Netaji Subhash Chandra
Bose was every-bit the leader.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">On
18th August, 1945, in Taiwan, an Indian Nationalist hero died and a
legend was born. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, the stalwart most
closely identified with militant Indian Nationalism, lost his life in
harness, in an air crash, but earned the status of a martyr killed in
war in the cause of his nation.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Netaji's
fate is inextricably linked to the turbulent swirls and maelströms
of World War II. Coerced by the British in 1939 into fighting for
them via the British Indian Army, an act that excreted stench of
riding roughshod over a nation's emotions and prompted the Indian
National Congress-led provincial governments elected in 1937 to
resign, but in spirit sympathising with Japan for the help rendered
to Netaji and the Indian National Army, modern India maintains a
balanced attitude to the war.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Netaji
escaped from British-occupied India in January, 1941, reaching
Germany after transiting through Russia under a nom de guerre with a
passport given by the Italian Embassy in Kabul. He had hoped to lead
an army to British-occupied India through Russia but the German
attack on Russia on 22nd June, 1941, upset his plan. He looked upon
the attack on Russia as a major mistake on Germay's part, opening a
new front before the British had been crushed. En passant, a
flashback is in order here. In late 1940, while the German Foreign
minister Otto von Ribbentrop was talking to his Russian counterpart
Vyacheslav Molotov in Berlin, the British Air Force raided Berlin
prompting von Ribbentrop to take Molotov to a bunker. In the bunker,
von Ribbentrop said that the British had been defeated. Molotov
answered “If that be the case, why are we here and whose are these
bombs which fall?“.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Netaji
got an opening, however, when Japan shed its sitzkrieg in China and
attacked the United States of America by bombing Pearl Harbour in
Hawaii on 7th December the same year. With the finesse of a ninja, on
25th December, Japan captured Hong Kong and on 15th February, 1942,
Singapore from the British. Japan's blitz expanded and the sun at
noon was blazing. Had Netaji been able to come to Asia then, the
momentum of the Indian National Army and Japan together with the
Congress's Quit India Movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi
could well have knocked the British out of India. Md. Ali Jinnah
(whose politics contrasts strongly with that of another Muslim
leader, Mustapha Kamal Ataturk of Turkey) and his Muslim League and
their British co-conspirators would have been thrown out of action
and the division of India may never have taken place. A unified free
India may have been born at the end of the war. Cyril Radcliffe may
never have had the chance to be the agent for killing and displacing
millions by scrawling lines on a map. The machinations of Lord Wavell
and Lord Mountbatten would have been defeated.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">On
17 February 1942, two days after the Liberation of Singapore, some
45,000 Prisoners-Of-War of the British Indian Army gathered at Farrer
Park where they were welcomed by the Japanese, who pledged their
support for India’s Independence. Capt. Mohan Singh was announced
as leader and he called upon the Indians to form an army to free
India. Almost 20,000 soldiers immediately came forward to join what
became the INA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
question mark may be why could not Netaji come to Asia in early 1942?
Perhaps the answer lies in the fact that the United States of America
gave very stiff resistance to the Japanese in the Philippines and the
speed at which Japan had hoped to conquer the archipelago was
therefore slowed down considerably and Japan needed six months to
drive the Americans out completely from the Philippines. Also the
Kuo-Ming Tang under Chiang Kai-Shek and the Chinese Communist Party
under Mai Zedong sank their differences to fight the Japanese
together in China. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">After
the defeat of the Afrika Korps of Germany under the command of
General Rommel to British forces under General (later to be Field
Marshal) Montgomery at El Alamein in Egypt, Germany was defeated by
the Russians at Stalingrad with the surrender of Field Marshall von
Paulus and his troops to Marshall Zhukov. In the meantime, in the
Pacific, Japan's expansion was halted after the indecisive battle
with the United States Navy under the command of Admiral Nimitz over
Port Moresby in Papua-New Guinea and the defeat of the Japanese Navy
under the command of Admiral Yamamoto at the Battle of Wake Islands.
All this occurred before Netaji could come to Asia. Throughout 1942,
at the fringes of affairs and waiting in the wings, Netaji saw the
tide of the war turning before he could come to Asia in 1943.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Netaji
left Germany on 8th February, 1943. After a three-month journey by
submarine, and a short stop in Singapore, he reached Tokyo on 11th
May, 1943, where he made a number of radio broadcasts to the Indian
community, exhorting them to join in the fight for India’s
Independence. On 4th July 1943, two days after reaching Singapore
again, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose assumed the leadership of the INA
in a ceremony at Cathay Building. Netaji's influence was notable. His
appeal not only re-invigorated the fledgling INA, his appeals also
touched a chord with the Indian expatriates in South-East Asia as
local civilians, ranging from barristers to plantation workers,
having no military experience, joined the INA doubling its troop
strength. A youth wing of the INA, comprising of 45 young Indians
personally chosen by Netaji and affectionately known as the Tokyo
Boys, was also sent to Japan’s Imperial Military Academy to train
as fighter pilots. Also, for the only time outside Russia, a women's
regiment, the Rani of Jhansi regiment was raised as a combat force.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Netaji
Subhash Chandra Bose led the Provisional Government of Free India. It
operated in those parts of India which were liberated from British
occupation in World War II. With its provisional capital at Port
Blair on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands after they were freed from
the British, the state lasted two more years until August 18, 1945,
when it officially became defunct. During its existence it received
recognition from nine governments: Germany, Japan, Italy, Independent
State of Croatia, the Wang Jingwei Government in the
Japanese-controlled parts of China, Thailand, Burma (under Ba Maw),
Manchukuo, and the Philippines under de facto (and later de jure)
president José Laurel.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
Indian National Army (INA) or the Azad Hind Fauj was the army of the
Provisional Government of Free India ) which fought along with the
Japanese 15th Army during the campaign in Burma, and in the Battle of
Imphal, during World War II. The INA lives and survives strongly in
Indian public memory and the present Government of India is the heir
to the legacy of the freedom fighters including Netaji. The INA was
extensively supported by the Japanese Government, both militarily as
well as politically. The Japanese Army assigned Hideo Iwakura and
Major-General Isoda to the Indian National Army as its military
advisers. The clarion calls of the INA were "Jai Hind" and
"Give me blood and I will give you freedom".</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
INA was a very effective combat force, having faced troops of the
British and their allies and made its mark in the Battle of Imphal,
as well as the battles of Arakan and Burma. On 18th April 1944,
squads led by Col. Shaukat Malik broke through the British defence
and captured Moirang in Manipur. The Free Indian Administration took
control of this independent Indian territory. Following Moirang, the
advancing INA breached the Kohima road, posing a threat to the
British positions in both Silchar and Kohima. Col. Gulzara Singh's
column penetrated 250 miles into India. The INA Brigade advanced, by
outflanking the Anglo-American positions. However, INA's most
serious, and ultimately fatal, limitations were the reliance on
Japanese logistics and supplies and the total air-dominance of the
British and their allies, which, along with a supply line deluged by
torrential rain, frustrated the INA's and their Japanese allies’
bid to take Imphal. The INA was forced to retreat.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
might be worth mentioning that Shyam Benegal in his magnum opus
"Bose: The Forgotten Hero", shows Netaji sitting beside the
Japanese ambassador in Berlin watching a film on the British and
their protégés in Singapore surrender to Major-General Fujiwara. We
can assume that this took place sometime in March, 1942. Cut to
Netaji's meeting with Adolf Hitler where the Nazi leader was bluntly
told that his invasion of Russia was a colossal mistake. The next
shot in Kiel Harbour with Netaji boarding a German submarine was in
1943. Minute details of Netaji's activities in 1942 are absent.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
note finale might be in order. It has come to light that the British
instructed their secret agents to assassinate Netaji as soon as they
discovered that he was no longer in British-occupied India. Thus, it
is possible that British agents engineered the air crash at Taipei
(then Taihoku). Like a true soldier that he always was Netaji
embraced a soldier's death. In life and in death he remained true to
the Latin precept 'Jam non concilio bonus, sed more so percurdus, ut
non recte facere posim, sed nisi recte facere non posim'.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-34656523798573121912020-04-04T13:38:00.001+05:302020-04-04T13:38:10.567+05:30Behavioural Practices for Water Conservation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Behavioural
Practices for Water Conservation</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">E-mail:
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a class="western" href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Website:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
addition to saving money on our utility bill, water conservation
helps prevent water pollution in nearby lakes, rivers and local
watersheds. Behavioural practices for conserving water involve
changing water-use habits so that water is used more efficiently,
thus reducing the overall water consumption in a home. These
practices require a change in behaviour, not modifications in the
existing plumbing or fixtures in a home. Behavioural practices for
residential water users can be applied both indoors in the kitchen,
bathroom, and laundry room and outdoors.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
the kitchen, for example, 10 to 20 gallons of water a day can be
saved by running the dishwasher only when it is full. If dishes are
washed by hand, water can be saved by filling the sink or a dish-pan
with water rather than running the water continuously. Water can be
saved in the bathroom by turning off the faucet while brushing teeth
or shaving. Water can be saved by taking short showers rather than
long showers or baths and turning the water off while soaping. These
water savings can be increased even further by installing low-flow
shower-heads. Toilets should be used only to carry away sanitary
waste. Water can be saved in the laundry room by adjusting water
levels in the washing machine to match the size of the load. If the
washing machine does not have a variable load control, water can be
saved by running the machine only when it is full. If washing is done
by hand, the water should not be left running. A laundry tub should
be filled with water, and the wash and rinse water should be reused
as much as possible.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Outdoor
water use can be reduced by watering the lawn early in the morning or
late in the evening and on cooler days, when possible, to reduce
evaporation. Allowing the grass to grow slightly taller will reduce
water loss by providing more ground shade for the roots and by
promoting water retention in the soil. Growing plants that are suited
to the area ("indigenous" plants) can save more than 50
percent of the water normally used to care for outdoor plants. As
much as 150 gallons of water can be saved when washing a car by
turning the hose off between rinses. The car should be washed on the
lawn if possible to reduce runoff. Additional savings of water can
result from sweeping footpaths and driveways instead of hosing them
down. Washing a footpath or driveway with a hose uses about 50
gallons of water every 5 minutes, if a home has an outdoor pool,
water can be saved by covering the pool when it is not in use.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Water
conservation comes naturally when everyone in the family is aware of
its importance and parents take the time to teach children some of
the simple water-saving methods around the home which can make a big
difference.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-36427840750699986572020-04-04T13:31:00.001+05:302020-04-04T13:31:35.443+05:30Water Scarcity: India's Perspective<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Water
Scarcity: India's Perspective</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">E-mail:
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a class="western" href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Website:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Clean,
safe drinking water is scarce. Today, nearly 1 billion people in the
developing world do not have access to it. Yet, we take it for
granted, we waste it, and we even pay too much to drink it from
little plastic bottles. Water is the foundation of life, but still
today, all around the world, far too many people spend their entire
day searching for it. In underdeveloped countries, time lost
gathering water and suffering from water-borne diseases is limiting
people's true potential. If we look into India's perspective, India's
fragile and finite water resources are depleting while the
multi-sectoral demands for water from sustained economic growth (over
8%) is driving the increased demand for water through coupled
dynamics between increased energy and consumption. Exponentially
increasing demand for water due to population growth and agricultural
use, coupled with a high degree of variability in the availability of
water resources throughout the country, will drive per capita
accessibility of water to under 1,000 cubic metres if left unchecked.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
India, the agricultural sector uses around 79% of the available
freshwater supply and wastes one-half and four-fifths of the
irrigation water. The domestic sector consumes around 6% while the
industrial sector consumes around 5%. Increasing urbanisation is
significantly increasing demand away from the countryside, to the
city. There are approximately 50 cities with a population of more
than 1 million. Furthermore, the total number of cities and towns in
India has increased from 2,250 in 1991 to 5,161 in 2001, and has
increased to 7,936 in 2011 (as per the 2011 census indicators).
Projected municipal and domestic water demand will also double by
2030, to 108 billion m3 (7% of total demand), while projected demand
from industry will quadruple to 196 billion m3 (13%), pushing overall
demand growth close to 3% per annum.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
above data reflects the need of putting immediate efforts to minimise
water scarcity in India. It is a time when Indian government and
corporate sector should apply integrated solutions such as- water
recycling, better design of water supply process and methods,
improved water policies, rain water harvesting, monitoring illegal
discharges into natural water resources, low cost and efficient water
treatment solution, etc. There is enough freshwater in India for 1.25
billion people but it is distributed unevenly and too much of it is
wasted, polluted and unsustainably managed. We hope that with
cumulative efforts, we will able to make a change and will not let
our current and future generations be thirsty any further.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-81400038928917590602020-04-04T13:15:00.002+05:302020-04-04T13:26:24.606+05:30Managing Research Projects from Concept to Conclusion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><b>Managing
Research Projects from Concept to Conclusion</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">and</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Honorary
Adviser,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Department
of Science and Technology,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Government
of India,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">New
Delhi, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-GB">E-mail:
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><u><a class="western" href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-GB">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-GB">Website:
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="en-GB">https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Introduction</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">SERC
(Science and Engineering Research Council) is one of the most popular
programmes of DST (Department of Science and Technology), widely
accessed by individual researchers across institutions and
disciplines. DST receives a large number of research proposals every
year in various areas of science and engineering, for possible
financial support, under this programme. Quite understandably, few
of them are quite outstanding while many are fairly acceptable.
However, still a good number of projects are not so well written and
grossly deficient in content. This article is an attempt to provide
useful information and deeper insight into various stages of a
research project viz. formulation, presentation, implementation,
completion/conclusion and follow up.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Technical
work elements of a research project are obviously of paramount
importance. Nevertheless, it is equally important for the Project
Leader (PI) to understand and appreciate the perspective of funding
agency, respect its policies and comply with its rules and procedures
for efficient execution of the project.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The
information presented here is specific to the PAC (Programme Advisory
Committee) mechanism of funding and more so for Engineering Sciences
Programme. However, it will be relevant and applicable in the general
sense to all similar programmes of DST. To a good extent, the core
philosophy behind the contents may also be valid while dealing with
other funding agencies as well, beyond the procedural aspects.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Project
Formulation</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">SERC
considers research projects in almost all the disciplines of science
and engineering without any barriers. The areas will have sub-areas
and further specialisations. At times, there are identified thrust
areas to make a significant impact, both from the viewpoint of
creating infrastructure and building expertise. However, one is
ultimately free to give the project in the area of his interest,
which is considered without any prejudice. It is worthwhile to note
here that the idea behind the proposed work is important and not the
area as such. It is quite natural that some of the upcoming areas
would provide better opportunities for new and exciting ideas than
those where significant amount of work has already been done over a
period of time. But as long as the idea is original and challenging,
it would generally find merit for support irrespective of the area it
belongs to. One should, therefore, be primarily concerned with
identifying an original and challenging problem in his area of
interest and where he has adequate background and expertise to deal
with it. The project should be suitably structured around the
identified problem.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">SERC
primarily supports basic or fundamental research. This is also a
unique feature of SERC in the sense that some of the sectoral funding
agencies concerned with specific areas do not essentially encourage
basic research in their own areas and are more interested in
applications and process/product development. Basic research should
be idea driven and while evaluating such proposals it is a good
yardstick to see in what way and to what extent the proposed work is
likely to contribute to the existing state of knowledge and lead to
further possibilities in terms of basic research as well as
applications development.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Application/technology
development projects are also considered as long as one can
demonstrate specific value addition over the existing state of
development in terms of enhanced performance, reduced cost, improved
life cycle, environmental impacts, functional aspects, operational
considerations and safety reasons. Strategic importance to the
nation/society could also be a positive consideration in case of
replication, where technology is not freely available. In all such
cases, probability of the output actually implemented by the
downstream user is also an important factor. In general, it is
desirable to have such downstream tie-ups right from the beginning by
way of appropriate technical and financial commitment of the user
industry/agency. This serves two purposes - first it demonstrate the
feasibility of work by way of industry commitment, and secondly it
ensures smooth transition to the next level of work (scale-up
/commercialisation) once the project is complete.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Objectives
of the project should be clearly brought out, focussed and realistic.
Similarly, the work plan and methodology should be coherent with the
objectives and properly outlined in sufficient details. Items like
national/international status, literature review, references etc.
should be covered adequately. The duration of the project should
normally be up to three years and work envisaged in the project
should be compatible with the duration. One should realise that a
project is a definite entity in time and space, having a clearly
defined beginning and an end, although the research as such is an
open-ended process, which may continue even beyond the project
duration. Accordingly, one should clearly define the specific work,
proposed to be done as a part of the project and separately list out
likely outcomes and possible follow up work. Later on, there should
be a serious attempt to achieve pre-stated objectives and complete
proposed work within the stipulated duration. Any additional work may
be taken up in the form of a new/follow-up project, which DST would
certainly encourage to support if the previous work is inspiring.
This demonstrates a disciplined–professional approach and is also
important from the administrative point of view. While formulating
the project, this background will help to finalise objectives and
duration, which are realistic and feasible, yet challenging.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The
budgeting part should be decided carefully. The number of research
staff and their positions/qualifications should be commensurate with
the proposed work. One should also keep in mind the ground reality
about the availability of people/students for various positions
within the academic and administrative framework of the host
institution. One can either follow salaries as per DST norms (for
certain specified positions) or go by the norms of host institution.
Generally, a consolidated salary is preferred due to reasons of
simplified handling. Non-scientific support-staff like typist,
mechanic etc., are not permissible and this should be made available
by the host institution, if needed.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Permanent
Equipment (PE) should be those which may be directly required for the
specific work proposed to be done under the project. Use of existing
equipment and centralised facilities in the host institution is
preferred, as far as possible. DST generally does not encourage
creating new/major facilities from scratch or dedicated testing and
characterisation equipment/facilities for individual projects. If
needed, these can be considered separately at the
departmental/institutional level under other suitable programmes like
FIST (Fund for Improvement of S and T Infrastructure in Higher
Educational Institutions)/IRHPA (Intensification of Research in High
Priority Areas). PCs are provided, either as an integral part of an
experimental unit to capture and process data, or when the work
involves a high degree of computation as may be the case with
modelling and simulation work. Stand-alone general-purpose PCs are
not encouraged. While writing the project document itself, one should
have a fairly realistic assessment of the specifications and cost.
This would avoid unnecessary complications later at the time of final
sanction, although the final cost is based on actual quotations and
may vary within marginal limits from the one indicated in the project
document.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Complete
documentation should be sent to DST as per prevailing guidelines and
format, for which one may access DST-SERC website.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Project
Evaluation/Presentation</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The
project evaluation is a three-tier process involving peer review, a
formal presentation before the PAC in the concerned area and the
final decision of SERC. Projects below a cut-off value are not
discussed formally by SERC and a decision is taken based on the
recommendations of the PAC. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Investigators
are generally given an opportunity to make a personal presentation on
their project before the PAC unless the reviews are extremely and
consistently un-supportive. Typically, the total time allocated for a
project would be about 30 minutes, out of which 20 minutes are meant
for the presentation and the remaining 10 minutes for discussion. One
should plan and structure the presentation in advance so as to
complete within this time frame. It is always a disadvantage to be
suddenly made to downsize the presentation and still make proper
impact to drive home the core message.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The
presentation should be structured around the core theme of the
project and focussed on the proposed problem, clearly bringing out
the novelty of idea. One should not waste much time on items like
introduction, background, national/international status, literature
review/references, bio-data, publications and budgetary portions.
These items are already covered in adequate details in the project
document, which is made available to all the members of the expert
committee in advance. It may be a good idea to keep the number of
slides for the core presentation to the minimum and keep the back-up
slides on related details separately, in case these are required in
response to some specific query. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Generally,
the reviews are made available to the PI before the presentation in
whatever form, which may vary from one programme to another. These
may be edited, un-edited or excerpts involving key concerns.
Sometimes, a formal response is also required from the investigator.
One should examine the comments objectively and use them as an input
for the presentation. Presentation can be accordingly moderated to
address the relevant portions of the reviews. The expert committee
will ignore the irrelevant portions and try to clarify the relevant
concerns even if they are not a part of the presentation. It may be
noted here that the reviews alone are not the only criteria for the
final decision. The final recommendation is a considered opinion
based on the information in the project document, reviews and the
presentation, the later being the most important and carrying maximum
weightage. The criteria for accepting a project is strictly based on
the technical merits of the proposed work it terms of its novelty
and/or utility as well as the competence (publications record and the
presentation) of the PI to be able to do justice to it.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The
final decision on the project is communicated shortly after the
presentation day and if favourable, the PI is to furnish additional
documentation (salary norms, quotations, etc.) to finalise the budget
and issue a formal sanction. Specific instructions to this effect are
communicated to the PI subsequently, along with the decision.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The
entire process of evaluation outlined above involves many steps,
individuals and activities taking considerable amount of time, which
may appear unrealistic or even unjustified to an outsider. The DST
person handling a particular programme has to depend on number of
individuals from within DST and outside. Most of the field experts
and reviewers are from academic/research institutions or industry,
who do a voluntary job. Then, there are independent nodes like
Finance, which has its own style of functioning, yet having
considerable influence on the overall processing cycle. The volumes
are often significantly high as compared to resources available to
the programme.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In
view of all this, an overall processing cycle time of 4-6 months
(from receipt to sanction) can be considered fast and efficient.
Anything up to 9 months could be considered fairly acceptable.
However, anything beyond that would be undesirable for the reasons of
obsolescence as well as discouragement to the researcher. The reasons
for such inordinate delay can either be attributed to the general
inefficiency in a programme or at times to the PI concerned himself
in terms of failing to meet certain requirements or not being
responsive fast enough. It may be appreciated that overall systemic
deficiencies and constraints, either at DST or at the host
institution, need to be addressed at a different level. These should
not be allowed to unduly affect the process, for which a degree of
initiative and perseverance is required both on the part of DST
person coordinating a particular programme as well as the concerned
PI.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Project
Implementation </span></span></span>
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">There
is some time lag between the technical and the administrative
approval (decision of PAC/SERC and the issue of formal sanction) of
the project, which could generally be about one to two months. Prompt
response from the PI in terms of additional documentation comprising
of budgetary quotations for PE and salary norms etc. would help in
reducing this time lag to some extent. This should be possible if
these documents are arranged in advance and kept ready in
anticipation of technical approval of the project. This time lag
should also be utilised to do necessary preparatory work such as
identification of project staff and other in-house paper work for
recruitment and procurement, before the final administrative approval
is received. All this planning and coordination will ensure that the
technical work can be started immediately after receiving the formal
sanction without wasting much time in these administrative/procedural
matters. It may sound trivial but these matters do eat up a lot of
actual project duration, if not handled in a planned and controlled
manner. The month following the date of sanction is generally taken
as the project start up date. The money reaches the host institute in
about a month’s time from the date of sanction. But the actual
project work can start (recruitment of staff and placement of orders
for PE), once the formal sanction order is received without waiting
for the bank draft, if the host institute so permits. One should try
to keep the start up time to the minimum so that most of the project
duration is effectively and optimally utilised for actual technical
work. Things like literature survey should have been done even before
submitting the proposal (during formulation) and should be a part of
project documentation. Any topping-up work, if necessary, should also
be completed during the period between the technical and the
administrative approval of the project.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">DST
assigns great importance to monitoring the progress of ongoing
projects. Review meetings are organised to monitor the progress of
sanctioned projects at regular intervals, normally every year but at
least once during the currency of the project. This is considered a
serious business and the PI is himself expected to attend these
meetings to present the technical work carried out during the period
since last review. As an exception, if the PI is not able to attend
due to genuine reasons, the Co-PI is allowed to present the work.
While these reviews provide vital technical inputs for mid-course
corrective actions, they are also helpful in sorting out various
administrative and financial matters to facilitate smooth execution
of the project work. A brief report on the technical work/progress is
generally required in advance of the review meeting for circulation
to experts. This is in addition to the routine Annual Progress
Report.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Minor
changes to the original terms of the grant, arising due to reasons
beyond control in genuine cases, may be permissible. However, this
should be viewed as an exception rather than rule. It is encouraged
to observe a strict sense of discipline in project implementation and
every effort should be made to adhere to the original terms and
schedules. In any case, it is important to note that any such changes
can be made/effected only with the prior and formal permission of
DST.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">During
the currency/tenure of the project, the PI is required to furnish
financial statements, comprising of Utilisation Certificate (UC) and
Statement of Expenditure (SE), in the prescribed format. These
statements are to be furnished financial year-wise, at the end of
each financial year. While a separate UC is required for the
concerned financial year, the SE is a consolidated one reflecting
separate expenditures in all preceding financial years and the total
expenditure.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The
total project cost and yearly head-wise allocations are reflected in
the original sanction letter, however, the money is released in
instalments. The first instalment is released in the beginning of the
project and the subsequent instalments are considered depending upon
the actual expenditure position. A formal request should be made to
this effect when the earlier funds are nearly used-up and an abridged
SE should be furnished to indicate up-to-date expenditure position to
substantiate the claim. Request for subsequent release can be made
any time depending upon the actual expenditure position and need not
coincide either with the close of financial year or the twelve
calendar months period. Release of next instalment may roughly take
about a month from the date of receipt of papers, and assuming that
they are in order.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The
financial and administrative matters should not be exclusively left
to the concerned function in the host institute. One must keep
regular track and do necessary follow up/coordination to avoid
oversights and last minute surprises.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Round-up/Completion
</span></span></span>
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">While
the project is in last lap of its tenure (last 3-6 months), work
should also start on the winding up activities, as well. This
includes preparation of Project Completion Report (PCR). The PCR
should be prepared so as to present the entire technical work in
totality and continuity, including conclusion of findings with
respect to pre-stated objectives. A mere compilation of publications
is not acceptable as PCR.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The
PCR should be furnished to DST immediately after the project
completion (say within 1-3 months) along with list of
publications/patents, final UC/SE and list of PE with their
individual costs. The unspent balance, if any, should be refunded by
a bank draft to DST. On the other hand, if some money is due from
DST, it may be claimed as final settlement based upon the expenditure
indicated in the final UC/SE. It is expected that financial support
of DST for the work is acknowledged in the publications. Also, PI
should cooperate with DST in case of any follow-up matter like
user/industry interaction or additional information, even when the
project is complete.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The
project is considered complete in technical, financial and
administrative terms when the aforesaid project closure formalities,
comprising of PCR and settlement of accounts, are over. DST generally
considers only one project at any given time. A new/follow-up project
can be submitted about six months prior to the anticipated completion
of the current project. The new project, if approved, should be
through the procedural mill and functional by the time old project is
complete. This would ensure adequate interface between the two
projects and continuity of work and project staff, if necessary.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Conclusion
</span></span></span>
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">It
is believed that the above information will be helpful for writing,
presenting and implementing research projects, particularly for young
researchers and first-timers who do not have much prior experience.
It will also bring in a sense of transparency into the functioning of
the funding agency and the evaluation process. It has been attempted
to cover the process over the entire life cycle of a research project
with sufficient details, in the general sense. However, it is
impractical to visualise and incorporate answers to all possible
situations, which may actually arise during the implementation. In
such situations, the best thing is to consult the concerned DST
person, facilitating that particular scheme, for appropriate advice.
Effective communication is the most important step in dealing with
seemingly difficult situations and it is advisable to remain in
constant touch with the facilitator during the implementation of the
project.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "caladea" , "cambria" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-38356880514966180202020-04-04T13:11:00.002+05:302020-04-04T13:11:28.365+05:30Understanding Debt Financing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Understanding
Debt Financing</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">E-mail:
</span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Website:
https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Introduction</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Many
a time firms need additional funding in order to expand or reach
higher revenue levels that would not be possible otherwise. These
firms can raise such additional funds by primarily three methods:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Debt
Financing</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Equity
Financing</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hybrid
of Debt and Equity</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Such
external funding allows a firm or a startup to increase its firm
value, which is the eventual ambition of every profitable business.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">However
there are certain factors that influence a firm’s decision with
respect to the choice of capital structure. These include, but are
not limited to, access to capital, taxation norms, agency costs,
transactional expenses, etc. This article pertains to Debt Financing
and how it affects the firm.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">What
is Debt Financing?</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">When
a company, in order to finance its business activities takes a loan
from an outside entity with a promise to pay back the principal
amount along with an interest element, it is said to be financed by
debt. The people / institutions that provide such loans, thus, become
lenders to the company. However, it must be noted that this is a
strictly time-bound activity and, hence, the payment of principal
along with the interest must be made within the stipulated time
frame. One of the most important features of debt financing and the
one that distinguishes it from equity financing is that there is no
loss of ownership in this case. Furthermore, such loans can be either
secured or unsecured in nature.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
company can indulge in debt financing through fixed income products
such as Bills, Notes, Bonds, etc.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Types
of Debt Financing</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Some
of the most commonly practiced types of debt financing for small
businesses and startups are:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Unsecured
Business Loans: In such loans, no collateral is required. However,
the business must have a good credit score in order to get the loan
approved. There are usually no restrictions to the usage of money
within the business.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Secured
Business Loans: This kind of loan requires a collateral. Even a
business with a low credit score might still get approved since it is
backed by an asset.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Small
Business Loans: In such loans, although the money is lent by banks,
it is backed by some organisations such as the Small Business
Administration (SBA) in the USA. This ensures that you have a greater
chance of approval and better terms since the risk to the bank gets
reduced significantly.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Equipment
Loans: This type of loan can only be used to purchase equipment for
business activities. It is profitable for businesses to opt for lease
payments instead of buying the equipment outright since that turns
out more expensive.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Advantages
of Debt Financing</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tax
Benefits: The interest paid on debt is tax-deductible since the
interest paid is considered as a business expense. This money saved
can be ploughed back into the business.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Better
Planning: Since the interest rates are pre-decided, it is much easier
to account for them when considering future cash flows.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Retention
of Control: Unlike Equity Financing, there is no loss of ownership
involved. Thus the lenders cannot influence the working of the
company. However, depending upon the terms and type of loan, the
lender can decide ‘for what’ the money is to be used but not
‘how’ it is to be used (Example: Equipment Loans).</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Disadvantages
of Debt Financing</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Repayment
and Timeline: The amount to be paid back involves an interest element
as well and not just the principal. The loan must be paid off by a
particular date or else fine is levied upon the company. This can get
really problematic for companies with unpredictable cash flows.
Moreover, you would have to still repay the loan even if the business
fails.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Credit
Ratings: Debt Financing affects credit ratings of a company. A
business with a high Debt to Equity ratio is considered risky and
hence in order to attract lenders, it has to offer a higher rate of
interest.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">High
Interest: Despite tax deductions, a business might still face high
rates because those depend on a number of factors such as credit
score, economic conditions, etc.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cost
of Debt Financing</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
company along with the principal, also pays interest to the lenders
(usually annually). Such interest payments are called coupon payments
and represent the cost of debt. Similarly, the dividend payments made
to the shareholders represent the cost of equity. Cost of Debt and
Cost of Equity, when combined, make up the Cost of Capital.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
firm’s decisions must yield a higher return than the cost of debt,
otherwise, the firm would not be generating positive earnings for
lenders but will still have to pay them and would hence go into a
loss.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Every
company that aims to finance itself from external sources faces the
issue of Debt versus Equity Financing and hence deciding the apt
capital structure can be problematic but the company must consider
the overall Cost of Capital (Cost of Debt + Cost of Equity) and
should try to minimise it in order to get better returns and thus
better profits.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-86360535540323990772020-04-04T13:04:00.002+05:302020-04-04T13:04:35.686+05:30A Review of Theory Z<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>A
Review of Theory Z</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">E-mail:
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a class="western" href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Website:
https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Theory
Z is a name for various theories of human motivation built on Douglas
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y. Theories X, Y and various versions
of Z have been used in human resource management, organisational
behaviour, organisational communication and organisational
development.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">McGregor's
Theory X states that workers inherently dislike and avoid work and
must be driven to it, in contrast to Theory Y which states that work
is natural and can be a source of satisfaction when aimed at higher
order human psychological needs.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">One
Theory Z was developed by Abraham H. Maslow in his paper "Theory
Z" which was published in 1969 in the Journal of Transpersonal
Psychology.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
second one is the 3D Theory which was developed by W. J. Reddin in
his book Managerial Effectiveness (1970).</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">And
the other is William Ouchi's so-called "Japanese Management"
style which was explained in his book Theory Z: How American Business
Can Meet the Japanese Challenge (1981); such style was popularised
during the Asian economic boom of the 1980s.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">For
Ouchi, Theory Z focused on increasing employee loyalty to the company
by providing a job for life with a strong focus on the well-being of
the employee, both on and off the job. According to Ouchi, Theory Z
management tends to promote stable employment, high productivity and
high employee morale and satisfaction.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Pre-Theory
Z</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abraham
Maslow, a psychologist and pioneer in human motivation, developed a
theory of motivation based upon human needs that had three
assumptions. First, human needs are never completely satisfied.
Second, human behavior is purposeful and motivated by a need for
satisfaction. Third, these needs can be classified according to a
hierarchical structure of importance from the lowest to highest
(Maslow, 1954):</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Physiological
need</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Safety
needs</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Belongingness
and love needs</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
esteem needs – self-confidence</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
need for self-actualisation – the need to reach your full potential</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Maslow's
hierarchy of needs theory helps the manager to understand what
motivates an employee. By understanding what needs must be met in
order for an employee to achieve the highest level of motivation,
managers are then able to get the most out of production.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Theory
X and Theory Y were both developed by Douglas McGregor, a social
psychologist interested in the characteristics of successful
organisations. McGregor's book, The Human Side of Enterprise (1960),
described Theory X and Theory Y based upon Maslow's original
hierarchy of needs. McGregor grouped the hierarchy into a lower order
(Theory X) needs and a higher-order (Theory Y) needs. He suggested
that management could use either set of needs to motivate employees
but better results could be gained by the use of Theory Y, rather
than Theory X (Heil, Bennis and Stephens, 2000).</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Maslow's
Theory Z</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Late
in his career Maslow focused increasingly on self-transcendence as a
human phenomenon and concern. As he explained in his seminal paper
titled Theory Z, the motivation for transcendence literally
'transcends' his original hierarchy of needs. So, for example, some
people who achieve self-actualisation — the highest level of his
original pyramid — also achieve a transcendent life orientation,
while other self-actualisers do not. On the other hand, some people,
like the proverbial "starving artist," value
self-transcendence ahead of all material values, including
self-actualisation (in the sense of being materially "successful.")
Hence transcendence for Maslow is not so much an extension of his
original pyramid as an orthogonal dimension.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Theory
X, Y and Z all play a role in how a company should manage
successfully. Maslow believed the ideal organisation would harness
the human drive for self-transcendence, as well as the motivations of
his original pyramid.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-56271705683256592162020-04-04T12:58:00.001+05:302020-04-04T12:58:53.563+05:30A Review of Just-in-time Manufacturing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>A
Review of Just-in-time Manufacturing</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">E-mail:
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a class="western" href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Website:
https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Just-in-time
(JIT) manufacturing, also known as just-in-time production or the
Toyota Production System (TPS), is a methodology aimed primarily at
reducing times within the production system as well as response times
from suppliers and to customers. Its origin and development was in
Japan, largely in the 1960s and 1970s and particularly at Toyota.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Alternative
terms for JIT manufacturing have been used. Motorola's choice was
short-cycle manufacturing (SCM). IBM's was continuous-flow
manufacturing (CFM), and demand-flow manufacturing (DFM), a term
handed down from consultant John Constanza at his Institute of
Technology in Colorado. Still another alternative was mentioned by
Goddard, who said that "Toyota Production System is often
mistakenly referred to as the 'Kanban System'", and pointed out
that kanban is but one element of TPS, as well as JIT production.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">But
the wide use of the term JIT manufacturing throughout the 1980s faded
fast in the 1990s, as the new term lean manufacturing became
established, as "a more recent name for JIT". As just one
testament to the commonality of the two terms, Toyota production
system (TPS) has been and is widely used as a synonym for both JIT
and lean manufacturing.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Evolution
in Japan</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
exact reasons for adoption of JIT in Japan are unclear but it has
been suggested it started with a requirement to solve the lack of
standardisation. Plenert offers four reasons, paraphrased here.
During Japan's post-World War II rebuilding of industry: 1) Japan's
lack of cash made it difficult for industry to finance the big-batch,
large inventory production methods common elsewhere. 2) Japan lacked
space to build big factories loaded with inventory. 3) The Japanese
islands were (and are) lacking in natural resources with which to
build products. 4) Japan had high unemployment, which meant that
labour efficiency methods were not an obvious pathway to industrial
success. Thus the Japanese "leaned out" their processes.
"They built smaller factories ... in which the only materials
housed in the factory were those on which work was currently being
done. In this way, inventory levels were kept low, investment in
in-process inventories was at a minimum and the investment in
purchased natural resources was quickly turned around so that
additional materials were purchased." Plenart goes on to explain
Toyota's key role in developing this lean or JIT production
methodology.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Migration
to the West</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">News
about JIT/TPS reached western countries in 1977 in two
English-language articles: one referred to the methodology as the
"Ohno system", after Taiichi Ohno, who was instrumental in
its development within Toyota. The other article, by Toyota authors
in an international journal, provided additional details. Finally,
those and other publicity were translated into implementations,
beginning in 1980 and then quickly multiplying throughout industry in
the United States and other developed countries. A seminal 1980 event
was a conference in Detroit at Ford World Headquarters co-sponsored
by the Repetitive Manufacturing Group (RMG), which had been founded
1979 within the American Production and Inventory Control Society
(APICS) to seek advances in manufacturing. The principal speaker,
Fujio Cho (later, president of Toyota Motor Corp.), in explaining the
Toyota system, stirred up the audience, and led to the RMG's shifting
gears from things like automation to JIT/TPS.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">At
least some of audience's stirring had to do with a perceived clash
between the new JIT regime and manufacturing resource planning (MRP
II), a computer software-based system of manufacturing planning and
control which had become prominent in industry in the 1960s and
1970s. Debates in professional meetings on JIT vs. MRP II were
followed by published articles, one of them titled, "The Rise
and Fall of Just-in-Time". Less confrontational was Walt
Goddard's, "Kanban Versus MRP II—Which Is Best for You?"
in 1982. Four years later, Goddard had answered his own question with
a book advocating JIT. Among the best known of MRP II's advocates was
George Plossl, who authored two articles questioning JIT's kanban
planning method and the "Japanning of America". But, as
with Goddard, Plossl later wrote that "JIT is a concept whose
time has come".</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">JIT/TPS
implementations may be found in many case-study articles from the
1980s and beyond. An article in a 1984 issue of Inc. magazine relates
how Omark Industries (chain saws, ammunition, log loaders, etc.)
emerged as an extensive JIT implementer under its US home-grown name
ZIPS (zero inventory production system). At Omark's mother plant in
Portland, Oregon, after the work force had received 40 hours of ZIPS
training, they were "turned loose" and things began to
happen. A first step was to "arbitrarily eliminate a week's lead
time [after which] things ran smoother. 'People asked that we try
taking another week's worth out.' After that, ZIPS spread throughout
the plant's operations 'like an amoeba.'" The article also notes
that Omark's 20 other plants were similarly engaged in ZIPS,
beginning with pilot projects. For example, at one of Omark's smaller
plants making drill bits in Mesabi, Minnesota, "large-size drill
inventory was cut by 92%, productivity increased by 30%, scrap and
rework ... dropped 20%, and lead time ... from order to finished
product was slashed from three weeks to three days." The Inc.
article states that companies using JIT the most extensively include
"the Big Four, Hewlett-Packard, Motorola, Westinghouse Electric,
General Electric, Deere & Company, and Black and Decker".</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">By
1986, a case-study book on JIT in the U.S. was able to devote a full
chapter to ZIPS at Omark, along with two chapters on JIT at several
Hewlett-Packard plants, and single chapters for Harley-Davidson, John
Deere, IBM-Raleigh, North Carolina, and California-based Apple
Computers, a Toyota truck-bed plant, and New United Motor
Manufacturing joint venture between Toyota and General Motors.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Two
similarly-inclined books emergent in the U.K. in the same years are
more international in scope. One of the books, with both conceptual
articles and case studies, includes three sections on JIT practices:
in Japan (e.g., at Toyota, Mazda and Tokagawa Electric); in Europe
(jmg Bostrom, Lucas Electric, Cummins Engine, IBM, 3M, Datasolve
Ltd., Renault, Massey-Ferguson); and in the USA and Australia (Repco
Manufacturing-Australia, Xerox Computer and two on Hewlett-Packard).
The second book, reporting on what was billed as the First
International Conference on just-in-time manufacturing, includes case
studies in three companies: Repco-Australia, IBM-UK, and 3M-UK. In
addition, a day-2 keynote discussed JIT as applied "across all
disciplines, ... from accounting and systems to design and
production".</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Middle
era and to the present</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Three
more books which include JIT implementations were published in 1993,
1995, and 1996, which are start-up years of the lean
manufacturing/lean management movement that was launched in 1990 with
publication of the book, The Machine That Changed the World. That
one, along with other books, articles, and case studies on lean, were
supplanting JIT terminology in the 1990s and beyond. The same period,
saw the rise of books and articles with similar concepts and
methodologies but with alternative names, including cycle time
management, time-based competition, quick-response manufacturing,
flow and pull-based production systems.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">There
is more to JIT than its usual manufacturing-centred explication.
Inasmuch as manufacturing ends with order-fulfillment to
distributors, retailers and end users, and also includes
re-manufacturing, repair and warranty claims, JIT's concepts and
methods have application downstream from manufacturing itself. A 1993
book on "world-class distribution logistics" discusses
kanban links from factories onward. And a manufacturer-to-retailer
model developed in the U.S. in the 1980s, referred to as quick
response, has morphed over time to what is called fast fashion.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Methodology</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sepheri
provides a list of methodologies of JIT manufacturing that "are
important but not exhaustive":</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Housekeeping
– physical organisation and discipline.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Make
it right the first time – elimination of defects.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Setup
reduction – flexible changeover approaches.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lot
sizes of one – the ultimate lot size and flexibility.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Uniform
plant load – levelling as a control mechanism.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Balanced
flow – organising flow scheduling throughput.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Skill
diversification – multi-functional workers.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Control
by visibility – communication media for activity.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Preventive
maintenance – flawless running, no defects.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fitness
for use – producibility, design for process.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Compact
plant layout – product-oriented design.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Streamlining
movements – smoothing materials handling.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Supplier
networks – extensions of the factory.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Worker
involvement – small group improvement activities.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cellular
manufacturing – production methods for flow.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pull
system – signal [kanban] replenishment/resupply systems.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Objectives
and benefits</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Objectives
and benefits of JIT manufacturing may be stated in two primary ways:
first, in specific and quantitative terms, via published case
studies; second, general listings and discussion.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
case-study summary from Daman Products in 1999 lists the following
benefits: reduced cycle times 97%, setup times 50%, lead times from 4
to 8 weeks to 5 to 10 days, flow distance 90% – achieved via four
focused (cellular) factories, pull scheduling, kanban, visual
management, and employee empowerment.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Another
study from NCR (Dundee Scotland) in 1998, a producer of make-to-order
automated teller machines, includes some of the same benefits while
also focusing on JIT purchasing: In switching to JIT over a weekend
in 1998, eliminated buffer inventories, reducing inventory from 47
days to 5 days, flow time from 15 days to 2 days, with 60% of
purchased parts arriving JIT and 77% going dock to line and suppliers
reduced from 480 to 165.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hewlett-Packard,
one of western industry's earliest JIT implementers, provides a set
of four case studies from four H-P divisions during the mid-1980s.
The four divisions, Greeley, Fort Collins, Computer Systems and
Vancouver, employed some but not all of the same measures. At the
time about half of H-P's 52 divisions had adopted JIT.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Greeley..Fort
Collins..Computer Systems..Vancouver</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Inventory
reduction..2.8 months..75%..75%</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Labour
cost reduction..30% 15%..50%</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Space
reduction..50%..30% 33%..40%</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">WIP
stock reduction 22 days to 1 day</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Production
increase 100%</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Quality
improvement..30% scrap, 79% rework..80% scrap..30% scrap and rework</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Throughput
time reduction..50%..17 days to 30 hours </span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Standard
hours reduction..50%</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">No.
of shipments increase..20%</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Potential
risks</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">According
to Williams, it becomes necessary to find suppliers that are close by
or can supply materials quickly with limited advance notice. When
ordering small quantities of materials, suppliers’ minimum order
policies may pose a problem, though.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Employees
are at risk of precarious work when employed by factories that
utilise just-in-time and flexible production techniques. A
longitudinal study of US workers since 1970 indicates employers
seeking to easily adjust their workforce in response to supply and
demand conditions respond by creating more non-standard work
arrangements such as contracting and temporary work.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Natural
and man-made disasters will disrupt the flow of energy, goods and
services. The down-stream customers of those goods and services will,
in turn, not be able to produce their product or render their service
because they were counting on incoming deliveries "just in time"
and so have little or no inventory to work with. The disruption to
the economic system will cascade to some degree depending on the
nature and severity of the original disaster. The larger the disaster
the worse the effect on just-in-time failures. Electrical power is
the ultimate example of just-in-time delivery. A severe geomagnetic
storm could disrupt electrical power delivery for hours to years,
locally or even globally. Lack of supplies on hand to repair the
electrical system would have catastrophic effects.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-10853035504560545252020-04-04T12:53:00.002+05:302020-04-04T12:53:27.277+05:30A Review of Theory X and Theory Y<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>A
Review of Theory X and Theory Y</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">E-mail:
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a class="western" href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Website:
https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Theory
X and Theory Y are theories of human work motivation and management.
They were created by Douglas McGregor while he was working at the MIT
Sloan School of Management in the 1950s, and developed further in the
1960s. McGregor's work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the
works of Abraham Maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. The two
theories proposed by McGregor describe contrasting models of
workforce motivation applied by managers in human resource
management, organisational behaviour, organisational communication
and organisational development. Theory X explains the importance of
heightened supervision, external rewards, and penalties, while Theory
Y highlights the motivating role of job satisfaction and encourages
workers to approach tasks without direct supervision. Management use
of Theory X and Theory Y can affect employee motivation and
productivity in different ways, and managers may choose to implement
strategies from both theories into their practices.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">McGregor
and Maslow</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">McGregor's
Theory X and Theory Y and Maslow's hierarchy of needs are both rooted
in motivation theory. Maslow's hierarchy of needs consists of
physiological needs (lowest level), safety needs, love needs, esteem
needs, and self-actualisation (highest level). According to Maslow, a
human is motivated by the level they have not yet reached, and
self-actualisation cannot be met until each of the lower levels has
been fulfilled. Assumptions of Theory Y, in relation to Maslow's
hierarchy put an emphasis on employee higher level needs, such as
esteem needs and self-actualisation.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">McGregor
also believed that self-actualisation was the highest level of reward
for employees. He theorised that the motivation employees use to
reach self-actualisation allows them to reach their full potential.
This led companies to focus on how their employees were motivated,
managed and led, creating a Theory Y management style which focuses
on the drive for individual self-fulfilment. McGregor's perspective
places the responsibility for performance on managers as well as
subordinates.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Theory
X</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Theory
X is based on assumptions regarding the typical worker. This
management style assumes that the typical worker has little ambition,
avoids responsibility and is individual-goal oriented. In general,
Theory X style managers believe their employees are less intelligent,
lazier and work solely for a sustainable income. Management believes
employees' work is based on their own self-interest. Managers who
believe employees operate in this manner are more likely to use
rewards or punishments as motivation. Due to these assumptions,
Theory X concludes the typical workforce operates more efficiently
under a hands-on approach to management. Theory X managers believe
all actions should be traceable to the individual responsible. This
allows the individual to receive either a direct reward or a
reprimand, depending on the outcome's positive or negative nature.
This managerial style is more effective when used in a workforce that
is not essentially motivated to perform.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">According
to McGregor, there are two opposing approaches to implementing Theory
X: the hard approach and the soft approach. The hard approach depends
on close supervision, intimidation, and immediate punishment. This
approach can potentially yield a hostile, minimally cooperative
workforce that may cause resentment towards management. Managers are
always looking for mistakes from employees, because they do not trust
their work. Theory X is a "we versus they" approach,
meaning it is the management versus the employees.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
soft approach is characterised by leniency and less strict rules in
hopes for creating high workplace morale and cooperative employees.
Implementing a system that is too soft could result in an entitled,
low-output workforce. McGregor believes both ends of the spectrum are
too extreme for efficient real-world application. Instead, McGregor
feels that an approach located in the middle would be the most
effective implementation of Theory X.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Because
managers and supervisors are in almost complete control of the work,
this produces a more systematic and uniform product or work flow.
Theory X can benefit a work place that utilises an assembly line or
manual labour. Using this theory in these types of work conditions
allows employees to specialise in particular work areas which in turn
allows the company to mass-produce a higher quantity and quality of
work.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Theory
Y</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Theory
Y managers assume employees are internally motivated, enjoy their job
and work to better themselves without a direct reward in return.
These managers view their employees as one of the most valuable
assets to the company, driving the internal workings of the
corporation. Employees additionally tend to take full responsibility
for their work and do not need close supervision to create a quality
product. It is important to note, however, that before an employee
carries out their task, they must first obtain the manager's
approval. This ensures work stays efficient, productive and in-line
with company standards.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Theory
Y managers gravitate towards relating to the worker on a more
personal level, as opposed to a more conductive and teaching-based
relationship. As a result, Theory Y followers may have a better
relationship with their boss, creating a healthier atmosphere in the
workplace. In comparison to Theory X, Theory Y incorporates a
pseudo-democratic environment to the workforce. This allows the
employee to design, construct and publish their work in a timely
manner in co-ordinance to their workload and projects.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Although
Theory Y encompasses creativity and discussion, it does have
limitations. While there is a more personal and individualistic feel,
this leaves room for error in terms of consistency and uniformity.
The workplace lacks unvarying rules and practices, which could
potentially be detrimental to the quality standards of the product
and strict guidelines of a given company.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Theory
Z</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Humanistic
psychologist Abraham Maslow, upon whose work McGregor drew for
Theories X and Y, went on to propose his own model of workplace
motivation, Theory Z. Unlike Theories X and Y, Theory Z recognizes a
transcendent dimension to work and worker motivation. An optimal
managerial style would help cultivate worker creativity, insight,
meaning and moral excellence.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Another
innovative management style developed by William Ouchi is also called
Theory Z.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Choosing
a management style</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">For
McGregor, Theory X and Theory Y are not opposite ends of the same
continuum, but rather two different continua in themselves. In order
to achieve the most efficient production, a combination of both
theories may be appropriate. This approach is derived from Fred
Fiedler's research over various leadership styles known as the
contingency theory. This theory states that managers evaluate the
workplace and choose their leadership style based upon both internal
and external conditions presented. Managers who choose the Theory X
approach have an authoritarian style of management. An organisation
with this style of management is made up of several levels of
supervisors and managers who actively intervene and micromanage the
employees. On the contrary, managers who choose the Theory Y approach
have a hands-off style of management. An organisation with this style
of management encourages participation and values individuals'
thoughts and goals. However, because there is no optimal way for a
manager to choose between adopting either Theory X or Theory Y, it is
likely that a manager will need to adopt both approaches depending on
the evolving circumstances and levels of internal and external locus
of control throughout the workplace.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Military
command and control</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Theory
X and Theory Y also have implications in military command and control
(C2). Older, strictly hierarchical conceptions of C2, with narrow
centralisation of decision rights, highly constrained patterns of
interaction and limited information distribution tend to arise from
cultural and organisational assumptions compatible with Theory X. On
the other hand, more modern, network-centric, and decentralised
concepts of C2, that rely on individual initiative and
self-synchronization, tend to arise more from a "Theory Y"
philosophy. Mission Command, for example, is a command philosophy to
which many modern military establishments aspire, and which involves
individual judgment and action within the overall framework of the
commander's intent. Its assumptions about the value of individual
initiative make it more a Theory-Y than a Theory X philosophy.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-20764979552054606532020-04-04T09:59:00.002+05:302020-04-04T09:59:29.100+05:30Compliance Requirements relating to Registered Office for Companies in India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Compliance
Requirements relating to Registered Office for Companies in India</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">E-mail:
</span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Website:
https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
India, companies are mandated to have an office registered with the
government. This office need not be the headquarter. Documents need
to be maintained at this location and letterheads should contain this
address. The name and registered address should be painted or affixed
outside every place of business of the company. This requirement is
hard for startups working out of shared spaces.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
working office of a company may or may not be the registered address.
If you draw three circles, one for government, one for customers and
one for internal, the registered office will lie at the cusp of
government and customers. In the customer circle, the registered
office is overshadowed by a corporate office or a regional office.
While it is a legal requirement to have a registered office, it is
not needed to conduct all or rather any activity there.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Also,
unless there is an actual office there, where employees work, or
where there are walk-ins, the Shops and Establishments Act would not
be applicable and it would not be considered as a commercial
establishment. This is for cases where most of the work is virtual or
through distributed teams.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Recently,
it has been made compulsory for organisations to have a verified
registered office. This is not a new requirement. A registered office
has been mandatory under the Companies Act, 2013. It was so under
Companies Act, 1956, as well. The existing requirement was to
intimate the Registrar of Companies (RoC) the registered address
within 30 days of incorporation. At the time of incorporation, it is
mandatory to mention the state where the registered office would be
located. However, chartered accountants and company secretaries
insist that at the time of incorporation the full address of the
office be given.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Concerns:
There are a number of issues with this approach. The main one relates
to getting contracts in the name of a company that is yet to be
incorporated and editing all documents in case the name is not
approved. The registered office can be intimated to RoC within 30
days which should be sufficient to get the paperwork done.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ACTIVE
Form: Some months ago, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs came out
with the ACTIVE notification that required startups to click pictures
and send a video to confirm their existence. This is to fight the
menace of shell companies. This is a one-time exercise that only
applied to companies incorporated till calendar year 2017.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Legal
Implications</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">There
are few legal implications of a registered office. Most of them
pertain to maintaining records at that place. These pertain to
register of members, Articles of Association and other documents that
any company is expected to maintain. Maintenance of documents is
covered under separate sections. The legal implication of a
registered office is just that these documents are to be maintained
at that place and that they should be open to public for inspection
during specified hours. These hours can be specified through the
Articles of Association. The business is also required to mention the
registered address on letterheads and bills of exchange.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Another
requirement that is not that small is that the entity is required to
paint/affix the name of the company and the registered address on the
outside of every office or place where the business is carried on.
Painting or affixing letters is not a problem for most manufacturing
industries. However, startups that work out of shared spaces and
especially that work out of hostel rooms and their own houses are not
able to comply easily.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Incubators
have come up with a nice way by putting the Company Names on a "Brand
Wall" where all startups that have a cabin get a name in a nice
plaque that is hung on the wall. As and when the startup moves out,
the plaque is removed. While this defeats the purpose of permanence,
it is a nice workaround. As for startups that work on flexidesks,
they are allowed to mention the name of the company on those desks.
An interesting question is that startups that have distributed teams,
let us say, based in Kolkata and Bengaluru, all working out of
co-working spaces/incubators would need to do the same. This means
that even though a startup might not be registered with a co-working
space, if some employees sit there, it would count as a place where
the business of the startup is conducted. In those cases, where would
the plaque be put and would it contain the registered office address?</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
other concern is that in rented residential premises, it is hard to
paint/affix the name outside the property. There is a stigma
associated with permanence and commercial establishments when it
comes to rented premises. It is no wonder that out of the many
startups working out of residential properties or shared spaces, few
have received incorporation. Without incorporation, startups are not
eligible for Startup India recognition which deprives them of various
benefits.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-79574660765620338262020-03-20T11:52:00.000+05:302020-03-20T11:52:04.593+05:30Bootstrapping a Startup<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bootstrapping
a Startup</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Chairman
and Managing Director,</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>MultiSpectra
Consultants,</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>E-mail:
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>dramartyakumar@gmail.com</b></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><b>Website:
</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>https://multispectraconsultants.com</b></span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Bootstrapping is
building a company from the ground up with nothing but personal
savings and with the cash coming in from the first sales. The term is
also used as a noun: A bootstrap is a business an entrepreneur, with
little or no outside cash or other support, launches. The word
bootstrapping has come to be used for a variety of other
self-starting processes. It describes the creation of complex
software programs in successive and interdependent stages. The term
"booting up" for starting up a computer's operating system
may come from bootstrapping. Bootstrapping has its origin in the
early 19th century with the expression "pulling up by one's own
bootstraps." Initially, it implied an obviously impossible feat.
Later, it became a metaphor for achieving success with no outside
assistance. Bootstrapping is a tough way to go. It places all the
financial risk on the entrepreneur. On the other hand, the
entrepreneur is able to maintain total control over all decisions and
the business itself. Bootstrapping is building a company from the
ground up with nothing but personal savings. The bootstrapped
entrepreneur retains total control of the business and makes all of
the decisions. It is rarely a quick way to turn a profit but
bootstrapping can be a way to start slowly bringing in revenue.
Bootstrapping allows business owners to experiment more with their
brand as there is no pressure from investors to get the product right
the first time. Bootstrapping is an attractive way to launch and run
a startup for many founders, primarily because it gives more freedom
to the founders than getting investors to invest in the company.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Bootstrapping a
business is difficult, but it is by no means impossible. With the
right amount of hard work, collaboration, and passion for your
company, it is almost easy to give up a chunk of your personal life
today for the sake of your future. Ultimately, bootstrapping is
making an investment in yourself that will pay off for your company
in the long run. Finance your own business and keep 100 percent.
Bootstrapping a startup means starting lean and without the help of
outside capital. It means continuing to fuel growth internally from
cash flow produced by the business. Bootstrapping your startup means
growing your business with little or no venture capital or outside
investment. It means relying on your own savings and revenue to
operate and expand. Bootstrapping a business is a lesson in hard work
and flexibility but ultimately it can help accelerate a company’s
success. By definition, the term bootstrapping generally refers to a
“self-starting process that is supposed to proceed without external
input.” In the world of entrepreneurship, bootstrapping a startup
refers to launching the enterprise without external funding. But for
most founders, bootstrapping a startup really means launching without
seeking venture capital, angel investors or other types of investment
capital.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>The Pros of
Bootstrapping Your Startup</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>1) Ownership of
Your Business</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>As a solo
entrepreneur, bootstrapping means you can continue to own 100% of
your business. Even with a much smaller company and revenues, your
share may be worth more than if you raised money to achieve a billion
dollar valuation.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>2) Control Over
Direction</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>As soon as you
take outside money you take on exterior pressure and responsibility
to satisfy other people’s interests. Those may be very different
from your vision. Their timeline and values can be different than
yours. There are solutions like super-voting rights that can give you
more control when raising capital. Though, if artistic direction and
control over decisions is a top priority for you, bootstrapping is
probably the way to go.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>3) Keeping Your
Business</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>If your idea is
to keep this as a lifetime business, then bootstrapping is what you
want. Otherwise outside investors are going to put you on a clock for
achieving a sizeable exit. Normally within about 10 years.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>4) Sense of
Accomplishment</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>For some
entrepreneurs, the ability to one day look at this venture and say “I
built that” is where they get their sense of significance.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>5) Being Forced
to Build a Business Model That Really Works</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>If you are going
to bootstrap, you are forced to quickly build a business model which
really works and which can produce positive cash flow and profits
right away. That is a good thing. Everything else can be built on and
scaled from there. Find a model that makes money. Sounds like a
no-brainer but it needs to be said. The businesses that use the
bootstrapping model the best generate money quickly. Not all
businesses are equally ripe for bootstrapping. The most successful
bootstrapped companies have a business model that generates cash as
quickly as possible. Without any cash inflow, you will burn your
reserves before gaining any real traction. Focus on operations.
Bootstrapping is about focusing on the nuts and bolts, about putting
all the pieces in place so you can get to where you need to be,
eventually.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>This could mean
making a minimum viable product that you can introduce to the market
and even hope to bring in steady, if not high, revenue while you
continue to pilot test other ideas.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Know Your Target
Market</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>You might think
that you have already done the work to define those people likely to
buy what you have got to sell. However, early sales numbers should be
the jumping off point you use to make necessary adjustments.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Branding and
Marketing</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Once you have
defined what your company does, what it offers and the problem it
solves, you must focus your attention on the branding and marketing
of your company.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>1. When trying
to secure press mentions with media channels, carefully analyse the
publications you are targeting and ensure that they are a right fit
for your company.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>2. Once you’ve
determined which channel will publish your company's story, establish
a strong relationship with a journalist who writes articles related
to your industry.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>3. Remember,
media channels only publish stories that are newsworthy, so ensure
that the story you pitch to publications would interest as wide an
audience as possible.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>4. Restrict your
pitch emails to two short paragraphs or less when engaging with your
media contacts to pique their interest without boring them.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>5. Establish
yourself as a well of industry knowledge and an expert in your field
to increase your chances of attracting more attention from
journalists.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>6. When managing
your startup’s social media account, stay active and be consistent
with your posts. Also, make your posts fun and engage with your
followers - no one likes social media posts that look like they were
written by robots.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>7. Refrain from
posting only about you and your company, so make sure the bulk of
your social media content is about industry-related articles that
your audience is interested in, sprinkled with content about your
company.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>8. Research your
industry to develop your startup’s unique selling propositions.
Remember, all of your startup’s messaging should employ these USPs
as their focal point.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>10. Your
startup’s content strategy should be built around whatever it is
you want your visitors to do once they arrive on your site, so be
sure to optimise your website’s internal pages for conversions.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Sales and
Traction</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Sales and
traction are what startups need to start bringing in revenue and are
important metrics of success. How can you generate sales and traction
without burning up too much money in the process?</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>11. Highlight
the benefits and value of your product to your customers, instead of
just showcasing the features.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>12. Create a
blog and develop a strong content marketing strategy to attract more
potential users to your company’s website.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>13. An effective
e-mail campaign targeted to your offering’s demographic can be very
powerful in convincing your potential customers of the value of your
offering.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>14. Cold call
potential customers in order to reach them quickly and get a response
without spending much money.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>15. Host
contests on social media and provide your product as a reward as this
will help increase awareness and boost user engagement.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Startup Legal
and IP</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Legal work can
be cumbersome, especially when you are trying to focus on the your
core product or service.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>16. Designate
intellectual property to your company early on during the formation
of your startup.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>17. Protect and
file intellectual property claims from others (patent trolls) with
Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>18. Choose the
correct legal entity carefully to protect liability for your company.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>19. Take care
when drafting the terms of use documents for your product or service.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Naming and
Positioning</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Naming and
positioning your company can seem like a daunting task. A name will
be the forefront of your company. Eventually it will become
synonymous with your products, services or brand. Along with this,
you will have to position your company in order to differentiate your
products or services from the rest.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Positioning</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Positioning your
company helps establish your company’s brand in the eyes of the
consumer. Here are some questions to consider when positioning:</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>20. What makes
your company different from your competitors? Create a list of what
makes you different. This can help narrow your target market and
understand the benefits your company offers that another does not. </b></span></span>
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>21. What makes
your product / service unique? Figure out what makes your company
stand out so you can use it as an advantage.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>22. What are
your customers really buying from you? Besides the actual product /
service, think about the other benefits a consumer receives. These
are characteristics like quality, aesthetic, brand name, etc.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Once you have
got these basics down, you can start preparing your image:</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>23. Craft a
positioning statement: In a few sentences, summarise what your
company provides for your target demographic and what sets you apart,
if not above, your competitors.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>24. Create
image-marketing materials that encapsulates what makes your offering
so unique and valuable.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>25. Use the
positioning statement in written communication to your consumers to
establish your startup as a leading company in your market.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>26. Test your
position statement on social media platform to see if you are
attracting the right market and if the imagery that you are using is
boosting user engagement.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>27. Make your
company’s name memorable. Users need to be able to remember the
company name in order to share it with others.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>28. Make your
company’s name spellable. If users cannot spell your company name,
they will not be able to find it when searching for your products /
services.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>29. Make your
company’s name engaging. Think about what your users will associate
your company name towards? What feelings does the company name evoke?
Will they associate the name with the image of the company?</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Social media is
one of the most cost-effective ways of marketing your startup. In
addition to providing a platform for growing your brand, it offers an
easy medium for promotion and customer service opportunities.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>1. Be frequent
and consistent: Social media is a way for you to build your brand’s
voice. You should not only post regularly, but there should be a
uniformed identity to your posts. Additionally, do not over post or
deviate from your brand’s message.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>2. It is not
about you, it is about your customer: Most brands use their social
media accounts only for promotional purposes. This is a failed
strategy as it provides no value to their followers. Instead, find
and share information that your customers want to see and
occasionally mix in your promoted content.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>3. Engage with
your followers: Social media is a way for your startup to interact
with current and future customers. Leverage your followers and make
them feel like valuable members of your brand. Also, do not be afraid
of social confrontation, approach any complaint as an opportunity to
show your brand’s customer service capabilities. Lastly, do not
hide from failures, you are a startup and are bound to face some
hurdles along the way. Strategically approach these as opportunities
to win over customers with good customer service and express your
brand’s long-term vision as frequently as possible.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Content is still
king.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Why is content
so important? It is the vehicle for conveying your brand’s message.
If your content is not clear and message not well-formulated, you
will undoubtedly struggle to succeed. The value of a strong brand in
today’s crowded marketplace is worth its weight in gold. Your brand
is what makes you different. It attracts new users and gets people’s
attention among all the competition out there. Use content-marketing
tactics to attract users. Content marketing is one of the most
effective ways to reach new people. You need to maintain a strong
brand presence and keep a watchful eye on expenses.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>1. Critically
think about your message: Content marketing should not be a process
of throwing messages against the wall and seeing what sticks. To
effectively brand your startup, you should engage in industry
research and formulate unique selling propositions. Your message then
needs to keep these USPs as the focal point. Avoid focusing on your
features and instead sell the benefits.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>2. Do outreach
yourself: One of the most important steps to an effective content
marketing strategy is content promotion. After you produce an
incredible piece of branded content, you need to amplify that piece
of content as much as possible. Leverage your social media profiles,
reach out to LinkedIn groups or industry forums and contribute to
other popular sites that your consumers might visit. Invest a few
hours a week to outreach or off-site writing and your startup will
begin to gain traction.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Running a
startup on a shoestring budget is hard enough. If you can keep
marketing costs down while capitalising on successful digital
opportunities, you will be able to improve your brand’s visibility
without squandering a large budget.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Watch Your Cash
Like a Hawk, Daily</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Evaluate every
expense carefully. When the money is rolling in, some expenses become
an after-thought. If you let your guard down and start freely
spending, it can cause a problem down the line if business slows or
you face a challenge. Being financially responsible is key. You also
develop a business survival mindset when you are constantly cautious
about expenses. Reduce overhead costs as much as you can. Overhead
expenses are the number one money-drainer of any new business. So
with limited funding, your first priority is to keep your expenses
lean. Part of reducing costs is doing as much as possible by
yourself. Ask the question, “Is this really necessary?” Before
adding a line item to your startup budget ask yourself if the expense
is really necessary and more important, be certain you know what the
return on that investment will be and how it will help you move
forward. Do not add expenses to your budget unless they really are
necessary.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Cut Personal
Expenses</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Without a
salary, you will not have money to spend – so do not expect to live
a posh life when first starting your company. Consider every purchase
and only spend what is necessary. Staying frugal when you first start
out is a great way to learn the financial ropes for the times when
you start to make money. Do not think about the salary you can draw
when you are a startup - think about reinvesting the cash to grow the
business. Whatever your salary or budget is, get used to living
frugally during the first few years of your startup.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Manage an Income
Stream</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Make sure that
you maintain a stable income stream while you build your startup.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Do Not Outsource
Jobs You Can do Yourself</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>When
bootstrapping, hiring out for a job you could do yourself is an
avoidable expense and a wasted organisational learning experience.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Invest in Your
Website Domain and Incorporating</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Incorporating
and securing your website domain are major exceptions to the “price
over quality” rule. Regarding your domain, do not think you can buy
it later once you have more traction. Buy the domain outright from
the beginning and start building brand equity around it from day one.
While it is important to keep costs as low as possible, spending on
your website is a necessary and justified expense. Do not skimp on
this if this will give you the online presence that can be crucial
for your business. Optimise internal pages for conversions: What do
you want visitors to do when they land on your site? Your entire
content strategy should be built with this question in mind. Once you
know the action you want users to do then you can find affordable
tools for perpetuating those actions. Optimise forms on your site to
build a stronger inbound lead funnel. Find cheap and reliable cart
services to sell products directly through your site.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Do Not Forget
Customer Service</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>As a starting
venture, you need as many satisfied customers as you can to get the
word out about your brand.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Be Discerning
When Chasing Revenue</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>While you chase
revenue, you will randomly encounter tricky opportunities that
achieve a significant bump in growth at the expense of modifying your
operational model or product offering. Evaluate these opportunities
before jumping on them: Seize them if they’re aligned with your
long-term goals, and decline if they will become a huge distraction
from achieving further growth. At an early stage, what might appear
to be a revenue touchdown may distract you from building a real
replicable business.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>Do Not Take “No”
for an Answer</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>When you are so
small, vendors and suppliers will not want to work with you; it will
take a personal touch to get what you need. Work to build personal
connections with partners that may help your business in the long
run. This may help obtain the resources your startup needs to get
moving, at a price that will not break the bank.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>The Cons of
Bootstrapping for Startups</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>1) Chances of
Survival</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>One of the top
reasons for business failure is running out of money.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>2) Growth</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>The main reason
that entrepreneurs go out to fundraise lots of capital is to scale
big and fast. For many, that is their strategy to survive and thrive.
Without outside capital, you will be limited on your visibility, the
marketing you can do and what you can do to serve your customers. All
of that can stunt growth potential.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>4) Hard Work</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><b>You are going to
have to work a lot harder, work more hours and manage more roles as a
bootstrapped startup.</b></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Bootstrapping
continues to be an attractive option for startup entrepreneurs. It
can bring a lot of benefits. Just be aware of the risks.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</b></span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-3336909216178847352020-03-20T11:49:00.002+05:302020-03-20T11:49:45.685+05:30A Review of Kaizen<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>A
Review of Kaizen</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">E-mail:
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a class="western" href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-GB">Website:
https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kaizen
is a concept referring to business activities that continuously
improve all functions and involve all employees from the CEO to the
assembly line workers. Kaizen (</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="zh-CN">改善</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">)
is the Sino-Japanese word for "improvement". Kaizen also
applies to processes, such as purchasing and logistics, that cross
organisational boundaries into the supply chain.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">By
improving standardised programmes and processes, kaizen aims to
eliminate waste (lean manufacturing). Kaizen was first practised in
Japanese businesses after World War II, influenced in part by
American business and quality-management teachers, and most notably
as part of The Toyota Way. It has since spread throughout the world
and has been applied to environments outside business and
productivity.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
Japanese word kaizen means "change for better", without
inherent meaning of either "continuous" or "philosophy"
in Japanese dictionaries and in everyday use. The word refers to any
improvement, one-time or continuous, large or small, in the same
sense as the English word "improvement". However, given the
common practice in Japan of labelling industrial or business
improvement techniques with the word "kaizen", particularly
the practices spearheaded by Toyota, the word "kaizen" in
English is typically applied to measures for implementing continuous
improvement, especially those with a "Japanese philosophy".
The discussion below focuses on such interpretations of the word, as
frequently used in the context of modern management discussions. Two
kaizen approaches have been distinguished:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Point
Kaizen</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
is one of the most commonly implemented types of Kaizen. It happens
very quickly and usually without much planning. As soon as something
is found broken or incorrect, quick and immediate measures are taken
to correct the issues.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">These
measures are generally small, isolated and easy to implement, however
they can have a huge impact.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
some cases, it is also possible that the positive effects of point
kaizen in one area can reduce or eliminate benefits of point Kaizen
in some other area. An example of Point Kaizen could be a shop
inspection by a supervisor and he finds broken materials or other
small issues, and then asks the owner of the shop to perform a quick
Kaizen (5S) to rectify those issues.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">System
Kaizen</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">System
Kaizen is accomplished in an organised manner and is devised to
address system level problems in an organisation.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
is an upper level strategic planning method which results in a number
of planned Kaizen events over a long period of time. It is in
contrast to point Kaizen which generally happens as a result of
identification of a small issue which is resolved in a short period
of time.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Line
Kaizen</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Line
in this context refers to a structured spreading of Lean from point
or discrete to the line. For example, Kaizen might be applied to a
process (point), but also to the downstream process. Those two points
constitute a Line Kaizen.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Another
example might be in Lean implemented in procurement, but also being
implemented in the planning department. Here in this case, planning
is upstream from procurement and Kaizen is performed at those two
points, which thus forms a line.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Plane
Kaizen</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
is the next upper level of Line Kaizen, in that several lines are
connected together. In modern terminologies, this can also be
described as value stream, where instead of traditional departments,
the organisation is structured into product lines or families and
value streams. It can be visualised as changes or improvements made
to one line being implemented to multiple other lines or processes.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cube
Kaizen</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cube
Kaizen describes the situation where all the points of the planes are
connected to each other and no point is disjointed from each other.
This would resemble a situation where Lean has spread across the
entire organisation. Improvements are made up and down through the
plane, or upstream or downstream, including the complete
organisation, suppliers and customers. This might require some
changes in the standard business processes as well.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kaizen
is a daily process, the purpose of which goes beyond simple
productivity improvement. It is also a process that, when done
correctly, humanises the workplace, eliminates overly hard work, and
teaches people how to perform experiments on their work using the
scientific method and how to learn to spot and eliminate waste in
business processes. In all, the process suggests a humanised approach
to workers and to increasing productivity: "The idea is to
nurture the company's people as much as it is to praise and encourage
participation in kaizen activities." Successful implementation
requires "the participation of workers in the improvement."
People at all levels of an organization participate in kaizen, from
the CEO down to janitorial staff, as well as external stakeholders
when applicable. Kaizen is most commonly associated with
manufacturing operations, as at Toyota, but has also been used in
non-manufacturing environments. The format for kaizen can be
individual, suggestion system, small group or large group. At Toyota,
it is usually a local improvement within a workstation or local area
and involves a small group in improving their own work environment
and productivity. This group is often guided through the kaizen
process by a line supervisor; sometimes this is the line supervisor's
key role. Kaizen on a broad, cross-departmental scale in companies,
generates total quality management and frees human efforts through
improving productivity using machines and computing power.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">While
kaizen (at Toyota) usually delivers small improvements, the culture
of continual aligned small improvements and standardisation yields
large results in terms of overall improvement in productivity. This
philosophy differs from the "command and control"
improvement programmes (e.g., Business Process Improvement) of the
mid-20th century. Kaizen methodology includes making changes and
monitoring results, then adjusting. Large-scale pre-planning and
extensive project scheduling are replaced by smaller experiments,
which can be rapidly adapted as new improvements are suggested.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
modern usage, it is designed to address a particular issue over the
course of a week and is referred to as a "kaizen blitz" or
"kaizen event". These are limited in scope, and issues that
arise from them are typically used in later blitzes. A person who
makes a large contribution in the successful implementation of kaizen
during kaizen events is awarded the title of "Zenkai". In
the 21st century, business consultants in various countries have
engaged in widespread adoption and sharing of the Kaizen framework as
a way to help their clients restructure and refocus their business
processes.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">History</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
small-step work improvement approach was developed in the USA under
Training Within Industry programme (TWI Job Methods). Instead of
encouraging large, radical changes to achieve desired goals, these
methods recommended that organisations introduce small improvements,
preferably ones that could be implemented on the same day. The major
reason was that during World War II there was neither time nor
resources for large and innovative changes in the production of war
equipment. The essence of the approach came down to improving the use
of the existing workforce and technologies.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">As
part of the Marshall Plan after World War II, American occupation
forces brought in experts to help with the rebuilding of Japanese
industry while the Civil Communications Section (CCS) developed a
management training programme that taught statistical control methods
as part of the overall material. Homer Sarasohn and Charles Protzman
developed and taught this course in 1949–1950. Sarasohn recommended
W. Edwards Deming for further training in statistical methods.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
Economic and Scientific Section (ESS) group was also tasked with
improving Japanese management skills and Edgar McVoy was instrumental
in bringing Lowell Mellen to Japan to properly install the Training
Within Industry (TWI) programs in 1951. The ESS group had a training
film to introduce TWI's three "J" programs: Job
Instruction, Job Methods and Job Relations. Titled "Improvement
in Four Steps" (Kaizen eno Yon Dankai), it thus introduced
kaizen to Japan.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">For
the pioneering, introduction and implementation of kaizen in Japan,
the Emperor of Japan awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure to Dr.
Deming in 1960. Subsequently, the Union of Japanese Scientists and
Engineers (JUSE) instituted the annual Deming Prizes for achievement
in quality and dependability of products. On October 18, 1989, JUSE
awarded the Deming Prize to Florida Power and Light Co. (FPL), based
in the US, for its exceptional accomplishments in process and
quality-control management, making it the first company outside Japan
to win the Deming Prize.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Implementation</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
Toyota Production System is known for kaizen, where all line
personnel are expected to stop their moving production line in case
of any abnormality and, along with their supervisor, suggest an
improvement to resolve the abnormality which may initiate a kaizen.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
PDCA cycles</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
cycle of kaizen activity can be defined as: "Plan → Do →
Check → Act". This is also known as the Shewhart cycle, Deming
cycle or PDCA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Another
technique used in conjunction with PDCA is the 5 Whys, which is a
form of root cause analysis in which the user asks a series of five
"why" questions about a failure that has occurred, basing
each subsequent question on the answer to the previous. There are
normally a series of causes stemming from one root cause, and they
can be visualised using fishbone diagrams or tables. The Five Whys
can be used as a foundational tool in personal improvement, or as a
means to create wealth.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Masaaki
Imai made the term famous in his book Kaizen: The Key to Japan's
Competitive Success.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
the Toyota Way Fieldbook, Liker and Meier discuss the kaizen blitz
and kaizen burst (or kaizen event) approaches to continuous
improvement. A kaizen blitz, or rapid improvement, is a focused
activity on a particular process or activity. The basic concept is to
identify and quickly remove waste. Another approach is that of the
kaizen burst, a specific kaizen activity on a particular process in
the value stream. Kaizen facilitators generally go through training
and certification before attempting a Kaizen project.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In
the 1990s, Professor Iwao Kobayashi published his book 20 Keys to
Workplace Improvement and created a practical, step-by-step
improvement framework called "the 20 Keys". He identified
20 operations focus areas which should be improved to attain holistic
and sustainable change. He went further and identified the 5 levels
of implementation for each of these 20 focus areas. 4 of the focus
areas are called Foundation Keys. According to the 20 Keys, these
foundation keys should be launched ahead of the others in order to
form a strong constitution in the company. The four foundation keys
are:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Key
1 – Cleaning and Organising to Make Work Easy, which is based on
the 5S methodology.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Key
2 – Goal Alignment/Rationalising the System</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Key
3 – Small Group Activities</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Key
4 – Leading and Site Technology</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-64532485199151838592020-03-08T09:19:00.002+05:302020-03-08T09:19:42.474+05:30How Enterprise Architecture Relates to Lean Startup<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>How
Enterprise Architecture Relates to Lean Startup</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">E-mail:
</span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Website:
https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lean
Startup is a flexible approach to starting a startup that aids the
product development cycle. As stated in Harvard Business Review, “It
is a methodology that favors experimentation over elaborate planning,
customer feedback over intuition, and iterative design over
traditional ‘big design up front’ development.” This is to say
that to assess our businesses we simply go ahead with a Google form
survey, instead of using complex business evaluation techniques like
SWOT or STP analysis.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">What
is Enterprise Architecture (EA)?</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">But
all this may seem too dreamy without a conceptual blueprint. EA is an
ongoing management process that determines how an organisation can
most effectively achieve and transition from its current to its
future objectives. EA logically prioritises resources available and
presents a framework of the organisation that enables entrepreneurs
to think about different aspects of their business. It empowers them
to link their existing strengths to see where they fit in the
business canvas and can connect with the external environment. For
instance, let us say there are three departments HR, Finance, IT and
Marketing within an organisation. Enterprise architecture presents
details about how every department can be strategically made to
function in synthesis to maximise the potential of the organisation.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Integration
of both our concepts: Lean Startup and EA</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Both
Lean Startup and EA are dynamic concepts involving continuous
evolution but at the same time they are starkly different. While Lean
Startup is about constantly revamping business models and making new
strategies as per the needs of the customer, enterprise architecture
improvises existing strategic plans to align business demands with
IT. Both concepts when applied individually are conducive to business
growth, but when used together they can move mountains.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
synchronization of the two equips entrepreneurs with a mindset to
continuously renovate the enterprise architecture instead of building
one that will take years to develop into a perfect ideal.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Global
overview</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Internationally,
the driving force behind world’s most successful businesses such as
Amazon has been its obsession with its customers. This fixation has
led to intimate customer bonding which encourages them to not only
stay loyal to the company but also give back to the company in the
form of constant feedback about their expectations from it. Bezos
believes that, “Everyone has to be able to work in a call center”
so that they have insight into the customer’s perspective. As such,
each year he and thousands of Amazon managers attend two days of call
center training and field calls periodically. Taking customer opinion
at the right time prevents wastage of time and resources.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dropbox
is another multi-billion dollar business that minimised the time of
its product development cycle by a virtual display of the product
seeking opinion polls. To estimate if the demand for their product
was sufficient to go ahead with the actual product development they
asked for e-mail addresses of potential beta users. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">But
how do we integrate the two?</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Following
are a few ways by which entrepreneurial teams can look at
incorporating the two:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
melting point of an Enterprise Architecture and a Lean Startup comes
in when the synchronization of the two equips entrepreneurs with a
mindset to continuously renovate the enterprise instead of building
towards a virtual ideal to be in the next few years.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Create
an outline of IT assets and business processes with an objective to
understand the strengths and weaknesses of the business.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Set
in place governance principles that drive an ongoing discussion about
business strategy and how it can be expressed through IT.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
Lean Startup approach aka ‘Build-Measure-Learn’, aims to increase
the value to customers while using fewer resources:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"> <span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">a.
Phase 1: Build</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"> <span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Includes
launching a minimum viable product (MVP), which could be just a
virtual representation of the product to gauge potential users’
interest. MVP revolves around the dominant question of our time:
whether the product should be built and not can it be built?</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"> <span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">b.
Phase 2: Measure</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"> <span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">After
evaluating the level of interest, it is essential to determine if the
demand is sustainable to:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"> <span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">>To
continue product development?</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"> <span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">>If
it is continued, what attributes should be added or refined?</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">c.
Phase 3: Learn</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"> <span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Finally,
after compiling potential users’ feedback, the last decision making
point is whether to persevere or pivot. It encompasses the critical
factor of changing product strategy or shutting down development
entirely. Eric Ries who coined the term ‘Lean Startup’, believes
that the future of a startup must not be analysed by the burn per
month but by number of pivot opportunities left undiscovered.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-55972966491812721612020-03-08T09:18:00.000+05:302020-03-08T09:18:03.373+05:30There is More to Startups than Technology<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>There
is More to Startups than Technology</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">E-mail:
</span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Website:
https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Each
time an aspiring entrepreneur walks up to me and says “I have a
brilliant idea that can change the world”, I start getting worried!
Even a brief probe then, invariably reveals that the aspirant wants
to pursue this idea because he faced a certain problem and could not
find a ready solution and now thinks that the solution (which in
reality is no more than an idea – yet to even arrive at a
‘proof-of-concept’ stage) is not only going to solve this problem
but in fact, the whole world is dying for this incredible value
position to arrive.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This
is symptomatic of most technologists who get a ‘kick’ out of
solving a technical problem and presume that there is a ready market
waiting for their solution. The truth, unfortunately, is far from it.
Starting out to solve a problem without listening to the ‘voice of
the (potential) customer’ is a guaranteed recipe for failure. This
is in no way to undermine the brilliance and technical capabilities
that the individual and the team may have in building a very good
product or service. However, most entrepreneurs (especially those who
start off without any work experience or exposure to the real world
of business) come to discover the harsh truth after having staked
considerable time, effort, and money – more importantly career
opportunities – in the hope that they will become a unicorn very
soon, the media will write exciting stories about them and they would
have ‘arrived’ in the name and fame world.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Getting
under the skin of the customer is the most crucial part of any
entrepreneurial venture - irrespective of whether it is
technology-based or not. The more the entrepreneur understands and
lives through the ‘pain-point’ of the customer, the more he is
likely to craft an appropriate value proposition for the customer.
And mind you, the ‘customer’ here implies not just somebody who
sees/experiences/uses the value of the solution but has both; the
ability, as well as the willingness to pay for it.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Working
with customers in the earlier phase of ideation and iterating to
fulfilling what might be the bare minimum customer expectation, is
the starting point. No product ever arrives at the ‘final version’
in one go. It is often a long, painstaking journey with multiple
iterations and tweaks even before one can ‘pilot’ it on an alpha
(early adapter) or a beta customer.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">With
‘products’ more particularly (as opposed to services), there is
an emerging concept of co-creating - which means constantly engaging
with the actual user all the time before one arrives at a reasonably
acceptable PoC and probably have a few samples or mock-ups that can
be ruggedly tried and tested under various user conditions.
Productionising it and going-to-market is a completely different next
big challenge and very complex as opposed to coming from idea-to-PoC.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">My
motivation to write this piece is that I increasingly find a number
of bright aspiring entrepreneurs wanting to ride the band wagon in
haste and unrealistic hope. While it is certainly good to dream and
aspire to become a successful entrepreneur someday and make a
difference to the world around us, one must tread the path with care
and caution. Not every bright engineer or scientist is cut out to be
an entrepreneur and neither does the ability to solve or crack a
complex technical problem automatically guarantee that you turn out
to be a successful entrepreneur. There is a lot more to
entrepreneurship than merely being able to master technology.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">For
now, I wish to leave you with just one message – start with the
customer and not with the technology that you think you are great at
– your chances of success then, are likely to be so much better.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Good
luck!</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-51335665229520394702020-03-08T09:16:00.002+05:302020-03-08T09:16:40.918+05:30Developing Different Asset Classes for Startup Financing Other Than Venture Capital<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Developing
Different Asset Classes for Startup Financing Other Than Venture
Capital</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">E-mail:
</span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Website:
https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Venture
Capitalism has become a major necessity for startups, with it being
the only source that allows a startup to transition from and to
different stages of its life. However, there are certain restrictions
that come hand in hand with its vitality. Venture capitalism involves
professionally managed funds offering startups funds for equity. They
usually exit when an IPO happens or upon an acquisition. The VCs, at
times, force startups to take directions that the original
entrepreneurs may not have wanted. Moreover, the endeavour of getting
the VC’s attention and confidence is a momentous task in itself.
Therefore, it becomes crucial to develop different asset classes to
allow for a greater spectrum of options for nascent start-ups.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">There
is a spectrum of alternative options, that involves either
conventional sources of asset classes and potential sources of funds.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bootstrapping:
This process involves an entrepreneur using his own finances to
facilitate the initial working of his startup. In order to bootstrap
effectively, entrepreneurs need to refine their operations so as to
be very cost efficient so they can utilise their revenue growth to
fuel future investments as well.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Crowd
funding: Crowd funding involves a business putting its idea on a
platform where different individuals pledge different amounts to the
success of the project. However, crowd funding is highly competitive
and the business idea must be fully formed and tested. Crowd funding
serves a dual purpose as marketing as well as financing. Crowd
Funding platforms are relatively new with their development in their
nascent stages in countries like India. To make these avenues
feasible, there is a need to create awareness among people.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Angel
investors : Angel investors are individuals who provide a one-time
boost in the form of funding to a startup. They are usually either
family members or friends of the individual. Angel investors are
simply informal investors that are more fixated on the growth of the
startup as opposed to immediate profit needs. Unlike venture
capitalists, angel investors usually invest their own money.
Therefore, there is greater likelihood of the goals of the investors
and the startup being in tandem.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Private
lending: Borrowing money from either conventional banks or
specially-designed financial institutions that fund small and medium
businesses is also an alternative. These loans however increase the
firm’s financial risk which restrict a company’s ability to scale
or take operational risks. However, loans do come at a benefit of
having no dilution of ownership.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This
particular alternative needs a lot more refinement and development in
reality. Banks often do not have confidence in new startups or lend
to them at predatory rates. This, more often than not, leads to a
startup’s demise. However, this opens a window of opportunity for
us to come up with a different metric for assessing if a startup
inspires confidence or not. This new threshold can help actualise
this alternative. The right trend can be seen when we see the arrival
of institutions specifically designed to encourage startups.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
above are asset classes designed specifically for startups to help
facilitate their growth. However we can look at this issue in another
way as well.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
conventional class of financial assets namely equities, bonds, real
estate, etc. are options that accommodate startups. Upon
understanding the constraints that lie in this access, we can better
develop these options as possible alternatives as well.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Startups
are relatively unknown and often operate under tight liquidity
positions. This means that they find it difficult to raise capital
from the market. Also, the entire procedure of getting listed and the
formalities also eliminate these options.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">There
are a few possible avenues to eliminate these constraints:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Convertible
Bonds: Convertible bonds start as normal bonds with a given interest
rate. However, after some time investors have the avenue to covert
them onto a profit-sharing instrument. Startups have trouble getting
credit due to their lack of credit history. However, when they try to
raise money by equity they face several problems regarding valuation.
This allows startups to co-opt the best of both these choices by
giving lenders the avenue to convert their debt into equity after a
certain time. This acts as an additional re-assurance and is cheaper
than raising money from equity.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Startup
Stock Market: There has been the starting of a new era of startups
globally with the arrival of platforms designed specifically to trade
share-equivalents of startups. This model is still in its nascent
stages as seen in the startup stock exchange; however, if developed
this gives startups access to equity.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Therefore,
there are several avenues available to startups other than venture
capitalism whether conventional avenues like bootstrapping or new
innovations like convertible bonds. Eventually, a startup can also
refine its own functioning to generate funds by having pre-order
option for products, etc. Every aspect of the startup is capable of
being a potential source of financing.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-74913489446032414932020-03-08T09:15:00.002+05:302020-03-08T09:15:13.922+05:30Targeted Interventions: How Modern Day Firms Are Increasing ‘Business Impact’<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Targeted
Interventions: How Modern Day Firms Are Increasing ‘Business
Impact’</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">E-mail:
</span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Website:
https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Corporate
Training and Learning Development programmes have primarily focused
on broader training gaps in the past without the ability to
‘Penetrate’ and reach the core issue that needs attention.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Why
cannot Training be precisely attuned to the need that an organisation
has? Why is it that we see blanket Training Interventions that add
very little value to solving the core problem that the organisation
has? Organisations continue to ‘Carpet Bombard’ a group of like
roles and expect results whereas the need is to be targeted with a
‘Surgeons’ Knife Precision’ approach in identifying the areas
that need urgent attention.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">There
is an unmet need when assessing what Training Intervention needs to
be prioritised first and where the likely Business Impact that will
yield maximum ROI is.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Most
of the Training Interventions attract diverse audiences, but the best
training interventions ‘Target’ a specific need that is specific
to an organisation at a given point in time. Finding the right
Targeted Training Need(s) and further customising the Training
Interventions such that specific levers are leveraged is a challenge
that every organisation grapples with.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Successful
organisations in the new age have found the solution to the talent
war: a highly ‘Customised and Targeted’ learning environment. The
operative keyword being ‘Targeted.'</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Successful
organisations demonstrate the ability to create an ecosystem for
learning and development that supports individualised training needs.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Targeted
Training Interventions demand the use of established methods in
identifying the training gaps, often going to the level of most basic
building blocks. A Targeted Training intervention weaves the
ingredients of Technology, Business Strategies and Learning
Objectives to create something that is highly tailored and effective
in a real-world scenario.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
Design and Development process of a Targeted Training intervention
requires a very meticulous understanding of the underlying business
model, the services / products being delivered and the nuances of
integrating PEOPLE, PROCESS and TECHNOLOGY.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">SOMM
(Stuvoy Organisational Maturity Model) is one such Framework and a
Roadmap Model that makes possible the measurement of the maturity of
PEOPLE, PROCESSES and TECHNOLOGY. The term maturity in SOMM refers to
the organisation's readiness and experience about the three core
pillars: Human Capital (PEOPLE), PROCESSES and TECHNOLOGY.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">With
the availability of established frameworks and models such as SOMM,
getting the right identification of a Training Intervention is a
‘Breeze’ for any organisation. With SOMM, organisations can look
forward to impacting ‘Targeted’ business areas that have been a
pain and have prevented the organisations from improving their
Productivity, Quality, Reducing the Costs to market and an overall
higher Retention of the client via higher satisfaction across
services and products offered.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">With
Targeted investments in improving People, Processes and Technology,
organisations are continuously and successfully sharpening the
competitive ‘axe’ required to survive and thrive in the
modern-day competitive world.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6132955186206631001.post-62702433035228508032020-03-08T09:13:00.001+05:302020-03-08T09:13:42.530+05:30How Startups Can Protect their Intellectual Property using their IPR<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>How
Startups Can Protect their Intellectual Property using their IPR</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dr.
Amartya Kumar Bhattacharya</b></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BCE
(Hons.) ( Jadavpur ), MTech ( Civil ) ( IIT Kharagpur ), PhD ( Civil
) ( IIT Kharagpur ), Cert.MTERM ( AIT Bangkok ), CEng(I), FIE,
FACCE(I), FISH, FIWRS, FIPHE, FIAH, FAE, MIGS, MIGS – Kolkata
Chapter, MIGS – Chennai Chapter, MISTE, MAHI, MISCA, MIAHS, MISTAM,
MNSFMFP, MIIBE, MICI, MIEES, MCITP, MISRS, MISRMTT, MAGGS, MCSI,
MIAENG, MMBSI, MBMSM</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chairman
and Managing Director,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MultiSpectra
Consultants,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">23,
Biplabi Ambika Chakraborty Sarani,</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kolkata
– 700029, West Bengal, INDIA.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">E-mail:
</span></span></span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><a href="mailto:dramartyakumar@gmail.com"><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">dramartyakumar@gmail.com</span></span></span></a></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Website:
https://multispectraconsultants.com</span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="center" lang="en" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; widows: 0;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
is an overwhelming process once you set out to start a new business.
It may leave you in doubts, anxiety and a ton of other legitimate
issues. One of the major areas that businesses need to stay aware
about is Intellectual Property Rights. Once the fundamentals of
deciding the right business structure are cleared, IPR helps to
differentiate your business from those of your competitors. IPR
yields you the following advantages</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Can
sell or licence for creating an additional revenue stream.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Offer
distinctive products / services to your customers.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
can become an essential part of your marketing or branding
(Exclusivity).</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Intellectual
properties are assets that you can use as security against loans.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Consider
exploiting your IP to the fullest as it makes more sense to secure
your business in the best possible manner. You can legally protect
your Intellectual Property in the following manners:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Protecting
Intellectual Property against any sort of infringement by others.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">You
can defend it in a court of law to claim your sole right on it.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Can
legally stop others from using, making, selling or importing without
your agreement.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">You
can earn royalties by licensing it or make money selling it.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Use
your trademark for strategic alliances.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Essentially,
there are three different ways through which a new business can
secure its Intellectual Properties. This could be anything – a
thought, an idea, an item, images, process, logos and so forth that
represents a brand.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Here
are the types of IPR that businesses can avail:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1.
Copyrights</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Certain
protection is automatically granted to the author for their original,
creative or intellectual work. Know more about copyright registration
in India to ensure taking correct steps in the right direction.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Works
include; Books, lectures, dramatic and musical works, cinematography,
drawings, paintings, architecture, sculpture, photographs,
illustrations, maps, plans, sketches, etc.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rights:
To distribute copies or phonorecords of the work to the public by
sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease or lending
and to perform the work publicly in person or through an audio
transmission.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Validity:
It is not mandatory to register but it is highly recommended. The
validity of copyright lasts the lifetime of the author and even till
the 60 years after his death. The owner is given protection in most
countries.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2.
Trademarks</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Trademark:
At first, register trademark online as this acts as a brand element
distinguishing your goods and services from those of your competitors
and other traders in the market. It creates a distinct identity for
your company and thereby securing a brand from being counterfeited.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Marks:
Word mark, a logo mark or a slogan, shapes, and unconventional marks
like colours, sounds, gestures, animation, holograms, etc. can be
registered under trademark.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rights:
Gives exclusive right to use the mark and prevent anyone from using
it without permission. The owner also enjoys the right to licence,
assign and sell the mark in return for compensation.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Validity:
10 years which can be made perpetual, as along as it is renewed every
10 years. Should be applied separately in every country in which
protection is required and has a market in.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3.
Patents</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Patents
come into play when you are looking to protect a new invention that
is original and can be used to simplify the lives of people.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Condition:
Patent requires an idea to be novel and unique. Industrial procedures
can be patented especially if a non-obvious step is introduced in it.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rights:
It gives an exclusive authority over the patented invention, the
right to exclude others and exploit the patent and earn from it.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Validity:
Patent protection is a territorial right and therefore it is
effective only within the territory of India (or the country where
applied). Separate patents are required to be filed for each country
where the protection is required. A patent is valid for a period of
20 years after which it goes into the public domain.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
is best to consider IP as something that offers an additional
advantage that is beyond the concept of making money or even branding
for that matter. It is something with which the business esteem is
connected. Insuring the intellectual property is also a common norm
since it is an asset. One of the quintessential business components
is to have IP protection as a part of budgeting and business plan as
well.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Startup
Valuation can be made on the Basis of IP Rights</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">New
companies do not have great stocks of products or workforce to begin
with. Subsequently, a large portion of the estimation of a startup,
for the most part, gets from their IP rights. It has been assessed
that, normally, over 80% of the estimation of a new business depends
on their IP portfolio.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">No
Over-Stretching the Finances</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Unless
your startup offers something that has zero creation costs, you will
need to tighten the pocket heavily even to make start making profits.
Another aspect that businesses do not consider is the cost associated
with not taking proper care of their intellectual properties.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Impose
Control on What You Have</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Many
businesses echo this - "we could not care less on the off chance
that somebody duplicates us, it is simply free promoting!” and this
gets me winced on many occasions.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Certainly,
it is pleasant to have some other businesses advancing your
administrations or merchandise for nothing. But then, what about the
copy that does not match or justify the standards that you offer?
Practically, you can do "nothing" in such an event and your
brand may have to suffer an irreversible loss.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">On
one hand, the new business has a highly dynamic environment but the
competition and technology are at peak. One has to remain on edge
every time to protect your intellectual property from being used for
other substandard products and services. Protecting your IPR is the
best and the only way that helps you to create a sustainable and
defensible differentiator in a highly competitive market.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" class="western" style="background: transparent; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Caladea, Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">©
MultiSpectra Consultants, 2020.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
Dr. Amartya Kumar Bhattacharyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14762256867702407681noreply@blogger.com0